tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-62754424807567406752024-03-20T05:36:45.989-07:00Loess GroundA blog for loess scholars and enthusiastsIan Smalleyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10715518067515369104noreply@blogger.comBlogger165125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6275442480756740675.post-72422595138092842952024-03-19T05:01:00.000-07:002024-03-20T05:36:14.232-07:00"Thames reds" have given place to "Flettons"<p> There was a modest loess fall over south-eastern England in around 20,000 BP. Thats a very rough date, and there were in fact two loess falls, with a short interval in-between, which had some effect on geomorphology and life in southern England. Loess provides agricultural enhancement so farming improved over a substantial area, an admixture is almost as good as a large loess-fall. This loess would provide material for the making of bricks and for most of the nineteenth century (particularly the early parts) it provided material for the bricks to build London. Many brickpits were opened, mostly small scale enterprises but some large and very productive such as Smeed-Deans at Murston near Faversham. One significant concentration of brick making material was at Crayford in north-west Kent; here the Crayford Brickearths were used, and for many years geologists sought Pleistocene fossils; the brickpits were great sources of material for geologists and collectors. </p><p><br /></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiAlsyseZ8echbKhRrEbWm6e4hQvl1rhO37ldsIczDakQ-bgpsJVdfKn0BKMt9JA0zmdHPCNgpcB1rgbC7QjyXsxZk0vL0MRw_SjV68CyLu-cQqbYP1UJCBv5Haa_9hVkiPxZSkaCsK0Ax3NG-5Pb3peh-eAVPf8wDt9yTGSKClq6y45eMOURDtEj0dhHHW/s2338/Kennard%20map%20A3%20001.bmp" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2338" data-original-width="1700" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiAlsyseZ8echbKhRrEbWm6e4hQvl1rhO37ldsIczDakQ-bgpsJVdfKn0BKMt9JA0zmdHPCNgpcB1rgbC7QjyXsxZk0vL0MRw_SjV68CyLu-cQqbYP1UJCBv5Haa_9hVkiPxZSkaCsK0Ax3NG-5Pb3peh-eAVPf8wDt9yTGSKClq6y45eMOURDtEj0dhHHW/w466-h640/Kennard%20map%20A3%20001.bmp" width="466" /></a></div><br /><p>Map from Kennard (1944) pits labelled as W Whites, N Norris, F Furners, R Rutters, S Stoneham</p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhX3J_vv_Xc9AXCaJD-Ad3WSYuOALL22QxQjaEa_4JRpU6RAWnYGbD-7e6GB8k4VQofpXeJ9GtqS_KNyoPdAAb2JP30wFeIszuOtaxSLYVyGKudczqWKP0ch9aj8Se0XnqPnPDhhqZ5molhhf_Ykn5SNA1KQEAY_soRcCp3M6sL73BXmOiHsqLZwiHP7K9r/s2338/Crayford%20brick%20pits%20001.bmp" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2338" data-original-width="1700" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhX3J_vv_Xc9AXCaJD-Ad3WSYuOALL22QxQjaEa_4JRpU6RAWnYGbD-7e6GB8k4VQofpXeJ9GtqS_KNyoPdAAb2JP30wFeIszuOtaxSLYVyGKudczqWKP0ch9aj8Se0XnqPnPDhhqZ5molhhf_Ykn5SNA1KQEAY_soRcCp3M6sL73BXmOiHsqLZwiHP7K9r/w466-h640/Crayford%20brick%20pits%20001.bmp" width="466" /></a></div><br /><p>The bricks to make Victorian London have been discussed by Peter Hounsell in his recent book (Bricks of Victorian London. University of Hertfordshire Press Hatfield 283). This is more of a social history than a text on brick manufacture, but Crayford does feature 13 times in the index (on pages 19 30 36 39 68 83 112 132 134 135 159 160 and 161). Most writing about Crayford is by the geologists and palaeontologists; the brick pits were very popular in the nineteenth century and much visited by Geologists Association excursions; the opening of Slades Green station on the South Eastern Railway in 1900 facilitated latter day visiting; the station opened as Slades Green but the name was changed to Slade Green in 1953.</p><p>The Benchmark paper on the Crayford Brickearths is Kennard (1944)- this discussion largely revolves around this paper. The title quotation comes from here (p.122).</p><p>"Thames reds" have given place to "Flettons" Kennard demarcates the ending of brick production in Crayford and the overwhelming arrival of the Fletton machine-made bricks. Kennard collected at Crayford between 1892 and 1900 and observed the decline of the industry. </p><p>Alfred Santer Kennard 1944. The Crayford Brickearths. Proceedings of the Geologists Association 55, 121-167. The definitive map is by Kennard- see above, related to relevant OS map.</p><p>That short quote is critical. Most of the paper is given up to fossil collecting and Pleistocene geology; there is a small part on actual bricks and brickpit geography. The quote suggests that Crayford was producing bricks that fired to red-the Thames Reds, which must mean that no chalk admixtures were used, and perhaps no spanish. There appears to be no records of spanish being used in the Crayford bricks. The great source of brickearth bricks was further down the river, at Smeed Dean at Murston. These bricks fired to yellow- the famous yellow of the London Stock brick. The yellow colour was obtained by adding chalk; the other key admixture was the so-called 'spanish' which was a mixture of cinders and ashes from London's rubbish. This made firing more economic by providing an internal fuel source. As Nature obligingly did with the Flettons, from the midland clays.<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj943YN6QASbz_n9U0Y5alJvTi9DJ-7N21jRPrX-1JGCTqPWW8TdtDSaWXyA2lp4ad00JQNJmM-STBcH3L_hevQd1in_eZzjNAKZXdE8vS5PZbK2x62wpafhtx5QY2Linw9k9mpHoIMldrg93yX02z4-DDJyGXJB_O_Iy3yzOG1gCr0N1bexRfbJCtDEeqb/s922/Kennard.jpg" style="clear: left; display: inline; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><img border="0" data-original-height="890" data-original-width="922" height="309" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj943YN6QASbz_n9U0Y5alJvTi9DJ-7N21jRPrX-1JGCTqPWW8TdtDSaWXyA2lp4ad00JQNJmM-STBcH3L_hevQd1in_eZzjNAKZXdE8vS5PZbK2x62wpafhtx5QY2Linw9k9mpHoIMldrg93yX02z4-DDJyGXJB_O_Iy3yzOG1gCr0N1bexRfbJCtDEeqb/s320/Kennard.jpg" width="320" /></a></p>..full accounts of the deposits have been given by Morris[1], Dawkins[12], Tylor[19], Whitaker[44}, Chandler & Leach[69,77,79]<div><br /></div><div>1. Morris, J. 1838. On the deposits containing Carnivora and other Mammalia in the Valley of the Thames. Ann.Mag.Nat.Hist. series II, vol.2, 539-548. An excellent account of the deposits, with four sections.. Though said to be at Erith one section is clearly that at Stoneham's pit, Crayford..</div><div><br /></div><div>12. Dawkins, W.B. 1867. On the age of the Lower Brickearths of the Thames Valley. Quart.J. Geol.Soc. London 23, 91-109.</div><div><br /></div><div>19. Tylor, A. 1869. On Quaternary gravels. Quart.J. Geol. Soc. London 25, 57-100. There are five carefully measured sections of Erith, and eight of Stoneham's pit.</div><div><br /></div><div>44. Whitaker, W. 1889. The Geology of London. Mem. Geol. Survey 1, 328-478. By far the best summary. This volume has been reprinted by Forgotten Books as a pod book. Picture of WW below.</div><div><br /></div><div>69. Leach, A.L. 1905. Excursion to Erith and Crayford. Proc. Geol. Assoc. 19, 137-141.</div><div><br /></div><div>77. Chandler, R.H., Leach, A.L. 1912. Report of an excursion.. Pleistocene river drifts near Erith. Proc.Geol. Assoc. 23, 183-190. </div><div><br /></div><div>79. Chandler, R.H. 1914. The Pleistocene deposits of Crayford. Proc.Geol. Assoc. 25, 61-71.</div><div><br /></div><div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhCpqC7zHwbTWN_CrZ_COJyuRp_5KfYM3fcR2VqPKe-w4uCU4NbzI9qH5yTXpIpm3BKcPrCjKpUjVKUn0JOUInPR5807htpnyrcBslbvpWhyoo7OABGh3inopOjvFOEo2lwbXOUZqRJ6WDYFaU1rDh5ZXJTMhDHNy0ffCe0gePgmFhkD6dsdzV8yz8R9fLv/s485/whitaker%20w%20.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="485" data-original-width="339" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhCpqC7zHwbTWN_CrZ_COJyuRp_5KfYM3fcR2VqPKe-w4uCU4NbzI9qH5yTXpIpm3BKcPrCjKpUjVKUn0JOUInPR5807htpnyrcBslbvpWhyoo7OABGh3inopOjvFOEo2lwbXOUZqRJ6WDYFaU1rDh5ZXJTMhDHNy0ffCe0gePgmFhkD6dsdzV8yz8R9fLv/s320/whitaker%20w%20.jpg" width="224" /></a></div><br /> <br /><p>Whitaker, W. 1889. The Geology of London and of parts of the Thames Valley (Explanation of Sheets 1, 2 and 7). Memoirs of the Geological Survey of England and Wales. HMSO London 556p. POD book by Forgotten Books; copy from Harvard University</p><p>p.432. Prof. Morris seems.. to have been the first to describe the great sections of Erith and Crayford.. Unfortunately, of the four sections described in this paper, the precise locality of only one, near Crayford [Stonehams] is given; though presumably the others follow on in order, northward, to Erith.</p><p>p.436. At Northend, on the southern side of Colyers Lane, a new pit has been opened [Norris pit] since the six inch ordnance map was made, a little south of the Erith pit, and just NW of the Happy Home Inn. It was carried down to a depth of from 35 to 40 feet (in 1887), being deepest on the west. </p><p>p.439. When I last saw the Crayford section [Stonehams], in the summer of 1888, the northern part had been cut back much further, even to touching the road [Howbury Lane-near Slade Green], by Manor Farm.</p></div>Ian Smalleyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10715518067515369104noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6275442480756740675.post-58151794049669992082023-11-24T03:13:00.000-08:002023-11-24T03:13:15.336-08:00'Natural Resources' Conference Novi Sad October 2023<p> <br /></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><iframe allowfullscreen="" class="BLOG_video_class" height="359" src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/ouWmi-azHs4" width="565" youtube-src-id="ouWmi-azHs4"></iframe></div><br />Ian Smalleyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10715518067515369104noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6275442480756740675.post-79201476017691179492023-06-14T02:32:00.013-07:002023-07-06T02:52:54.544-07:00Loess Words- A Glössary<p> Words associated with Loess; words belonging to the world of Loess; words that need explaining- and could benefit from some discussion; words that might be deployed more widely. </p><p><br /></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEicOXd_Yi_RZcxTURynI6Tz-4bl4SZACW8jWBuKLNqqvFLvRLMMVWXQpMAudrDsAGyoipjiQ-IjiEiqEX_DBnKR_Y_5vfKpcc-De_IWfeUu-vkyflzq8OmwSpDm4UGweJEHTVslEm14IkN9nbVlZa1HOGO6jwX6g_DGVfnKeCpgQ3AFfTvw_2ZqrZ9uCQ/s837/kriger%20book.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="837" data-original-width="573" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEicOXd_Yi_RZcxTURynI6Tz-4bl4SZACW8jWBuKLNqqvFLvRLMMVWXQpMAudrDsAGyoipjiQ-IjiEiqEX_DBnKR_Y_5vfKpcc-De_IWfeUu-vkyflzq8OmwSpDm4UGweJEHTVslEm14IkN9nbVlZa1HOGO6jwX6g_DGVfnKeCpgQ3AFfTvw_2ZqrZ9uCQ/s320/kriger%20book.jpg" width="219" /></a><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgF5Z9v15Vya2wQ4zYVFyCWZQvluEYLuRUuNDWMiXhTXIQ0-UFHTl3pzy5uxA1kh_RQlZkcUTHpfFcdkx5-8Tg59dYDI7M745BNN2KDVWJsLBGMy82eOX6CHYGX0ahiGJ-HAllGWV9eA_BcfRLrIINSLTrRSDQyBtbMTIAw-gM68b4I11weo_iUqHc_tA/s596/CdF3%20title%20page.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="596" data-original-width="427" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgF5Z9v15Vya2wQ4zYVFyCWZQvluEYLuRUuNDWMiXhTXIQ0-UFHTl3pzy5uxA1kh_RQlZkcUTHpfFcdkx5-8Tg59dYDI7M745BNN2KDVWJsLBGMy82eOX6CHYGX0ahiGJ-HAllGWV9eA_BcfRLrIINSLTrRSDQyBtbMTIAw-gM68b4I11weo_iUqHc_tA/s320/CdF3%20title%20page.jpg" width="229" /></a></div><p>Loessification L.S.Berg 1964 Loess as a Product of Weathering and Soil Formation. Israel Program for Scientific Translations Jerusalem 207p translated from the Russian by A.Gourevitch. This is now the basic Berg reference; most of his work was published in Russian and is now hard to find. The 1964 book is translation of material from 1947; from Berg 1964 p.20:</p><p>"The difference between loess and its parent rock is like the distinction between soil and rock: the transformation of the latter into the former requires a soil-forming process; in the same manner, the transformation of rock into a loess requires a loess-forming process. The process, though variable in each instance, is everywhere the same in its principle; it is a <b>'loessification'</b> ; and from this standpoint we are justified in assuming a single family of loessic rocks."</p><p>Collapsibility</p><p>Chernozemisation</p><p>Adobe</p><p>Brickearth <br /><br /><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiPCNY6AqKaH__F1s8-0fswYdzNsAv4rs1ZX1apBzy9T8FAm1c09NhzK3hMjnRcFAPt5-z3K8LbxeP9pWG4-J-SgRnjybqsh_E5SV7y1FzRaUf7im5sTK0orsnKtb1y_WTP5N2dQuH3sRJ7oAuSbYHeoPKZe8NV-fTTFpPTzCgX1ZNg8Js-L-Z3FsSMLaE6/s1837/hounsell%20book.jpg" style="clear: right; display: inline; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em; text-align: center;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1837" data-original-width="1280" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiPCNY6AqKaH__F1s8-0fswYdzNsAv4rs1ZX1apBzy9T8FAm1c09NhzK3hMjnRcFAPt5-z3K8LbxeP9pWG4-J-SgRnjybqsh_E5SV7y1FzRaUf7im5sTK0orsnKtb1y_WTP5N2dQuH3sRJ7oAuSbYHeoPKZe8NV-fTTFpPTzCgX1ZNg8Js-L-Z3FsSMLaE6/s320/hounsell%20book.jpg" width="223" /></a></p><p>Silt</p><p>Dictionaries. Heinemann New Zealand Dictionary 1979: loess <i>(say lerss</i>) noun; a loose, usually yellowish, deposit of wind-blown soil, particularly common in China. (German)</p><p>Cavitation</p><p>Suspension</p><p>Verbreitung</p><p>Comminution</p><p>Heneberg compromise</p><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi91mqCrF5u6Uu4TKGTGFDZ35JoV4gTOF9eAeRcTmMTn8NtcC3GBTtgVZa1AdqujM6DlELA3tIKGhUerLDM2JarUMtWW6qybP4Si1uSaP4OuxtLUNOH0njSjOpHRq3cmYIiEziangYH6AoSn7wOImgVU1ZY32dSg-1rqxujIyxXfcbzBc_KTTJDz51s_5tT/s517/flow-stick%20curve.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="465" data-original-width="517" height="288" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi91mqCrF5u6Uu4TKGTGFDZ35JoV4gTOF9eAeRcTmMTn8NtcC3GBTtgVZa1AdqujM6DlELA3tIKGhUerLDM2JarUMtWW6qybP4Si1uSaP4OuxtLUNOH0njSjOpHRq3cmYIiEziangYH6AoSn7wOImgVU1ZY32dSg-1rqxujIyxXfcbzBc_KTTJDz51s_5tT/s320/flow-stick%20curve.jpg" width="320" /></a></div>Flow-stick transition<p></p><p><br /></p><p> <br /></p><p>Schneckenhausel Boden Sam.Hibbert, in 1832, wrote about the naming of Loess.. "It has been described under various names, of which the most adopted is that of Loess. According to M.Von Leonhard, its synonyms, as they occur along the course of the Rhine, are <b>Loesch, Schneckenhausel-Boden, Mergel, (in the upper lands of Boden,) and Briz."</b></p><p><b>Mergel</b></p><p><b>Briz</b></p><p>Parna</p><p>Mercia Mudstone</p><p>Windy Day</p><p>Loess Commission INQUA The <b>Loess Commission</b> was founded by Julius Fink (a professor in Wien in Austria) he founded it initially as a sub-commission of the Stratigraphy Commission of INQUA (Internationale Quartarvereinigung)[for data on INQUA see Loess Letter 65]- at the 1961 meeting of INQUA in Poland; at the Paris INQUA Congress of 1969 it was upgraded to full commission status; Fink stayed as President. He handed over to Marton Pecsi of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences in 1977 at the UK Congress.</p><p>Hydroconsolidation</p><p><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgI9mVrsfzF0UEc5jIFkhBSqWZzfC9rwP830uds9rhN6jWIs--Gc6QC4gPjb-haME4ncUO3f7L-YM4auoQB8o6m-LdWsV7jZlx_BL5Cvuwc_asmnQaGZ9SUQqbDkyFn9PN2G069DJc4Ps6qYeNp-eLOHaEM1ivW3UPKerYNGEmMheN_5u6dbDhCoOazpQ/s708/hydrocon%20oedom.jpg" style="clear: right; display: inline; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="423" data-original-width="708" height="191" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgI9mVrsfzF0UEc5jIFkhBSqWZzfC9rwP830uds9rhN6jWIs--Gc6QC4gPjb-haME4ncUO3f7L-YM4auoQB8o6m-LdWsV7jZlx_BL5Cvuwc_asmnQaGZ9SUQqbDkyFn9PN2G069DJc4Ps6qYeNp-eLOHaEM1ivW3UPKerYNGEmMheN_5u6dbDhCoOazpQ/s320/hydrocon%20oedom.jpg" width="320" /></a></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgI9mVrsfzF0UEc5jIFkhBSqWZzfC9rwP830uds9rhN6jWIs--Gc6QC4gPjb-haME4ncUO3f7L-YM4auoQB8o6m-LdWsV7jZlx_BL5Cvuwc_asmnQaGZ9SUQqbDkyFn9PN2G069DJc4Ps6qYeNp-eLOHaEM1ivW3UPKerYNGEmMheN_5u6dbDhCoOazpQ/s708/hydrocon%20oedom.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><br /></a></div>Zingg shapes. "By considering the ellipsoid, Smalley's modified Zingg classes are given as I a = b >c disc, II a = b =c sphere; III a >b >c blade and IV a >b= c rod. The classical Zingg approach and Smalley's approach can be unified if an internal parameter 0<=p<= 1 is introduced, the classical Zingg system corresponds to p = 2/3, Smalley's suggestion corresponds to p = 1." [Domokos et al. Math. Geosci. 42, 29-47, 2010 ]. doi 10.1007/5 11004-009-9250-4 <div><br /></div><div><b>Black Soils:</b> The great black soils of Ukraine and the Mid West, what the Russians called Chernozems, were loess before they were chernozems; now they are chernozems developed on loess. A chernozemisation process has operated, post deposition, which has changed the material.. Clay and organic material has accumulated, carbonates have moved.</div><div><br /></div><div>Mammoths: R.Dale Guthrie 2001. Origin and causes of the mammoth steppe: a story of cloud cover, woolly mammoth tooth pits, buckles and inside-out Beringia. Quaternary Science Reviews 20, 549-574.</div><div>"..during the last full glacial (LGM) say 18000 BP most of the north was unimaginably arid.. rivers were reduced to streams... loess sheets, sand seas, dune fields and wind were common features of this aridity; therefore Pleistocene skies must have been very dusty."</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi8kSR2Yx9u4SzzMpH9E2IF-Gz4m_EL01cM9mCxPwI5DgZYOWvkUP1VFgF7ntLueFxNdq6ceFeibom8FvIgp4x8EvblKjRyhB8bh-nX5clkdIP7Z-cJoJL3bB-gdvlNxV6cf1p9-1EmBfn1qwyHustZmNABqJN0OY1cTlStTRitibD1bgyJ1HsuDT8xB1Li/s816/mammoth.webp" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="526" data-original-width="816" height="206" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi8kSR2Yx9u4SzzMpH9E2IF-Gz4m_EL01cM9mCxPwI5DgZYOWvkUP1VFgF7ntLueFxNdq6ceFeibom8FvIgp4x8EvblKjRyhB8bh-nX5clkdIP7Z-cJoJL3bB-gdvlNxV6cf1p9-1EmBfn1qwyHustZmNABqJN0OY1cTlStTRitibD1bgyJ1HsuDT8xB1Li/s320/mammoth.webp" width="320" /></a></div><br /><div><br /><p></p><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div></div>Ian Smalleyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10715518067515369104noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6275442480756740675.post-79730539314059356912023-04-22T05:36:00.002-07:002023-04-26T10:48:41.664-07:00Ward Chesworth 'Good Soils'<p> Ward Chesworth 1982 Late Cenozoic Geology and the Second Oldest Profession. Geoscience Canada 9(1) 54-61</p><p>Geological disturbance leads to good soils (rich in nutrients)- glaciation leads to loess - and good soils.</p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi90a6ZQY5_suZTZBsYhRGrjQ9EHBPj4Jvpd6x_KAdiWW1dLAHw8w8jIemhXx_oVS12RgQFNRT8Occqr_hJdaFNpFNq0bqOIHbqsO2l5wFZrnTrOQe-WVBb-3Nvg4SqK7z0PuJDH032kYl2ypDyMuULXCC3N90bBqywef3HQvgoxmFr7lISK1sAOCmw5A/s2338/A1%20Resources%20NS'23%20001.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2338" data-original-width="1700" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi90a6ZQY5_suZTZBsYhRGrjQ9EHBPj4Jvpd6x_KAdiWW1dLAHw8w8jIemhXx_oVS12RgQFNRT8Occqr_hJdaFNpFNq0bqOIHbqsO2l5wFZrnTrOQe-WVBb-3Nvg4SqK7z0PuJDH032kYl2ypDyMuULXCC3N90bBqywef3HQvgoxmFr7lISK1sAOCmw5A/w466-h640/A1%20Resources%20NS'23%20001.jpg" width="466" /></a></div>Ian Smalley 1984 Good soils and recent geological activity: four maps considered. New Zealand Soil News 32, 143-146.<div><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhpjigQ1s-EvDENR6GaSeccmTKfo5PofZalpdNLcnnXR9-nYBrHbWK_TzaHuDwt_bqLntIC5PGuVKAy3EAP-kPD19y89r8Be0sx4VVty_dwa4zTH8bcM7Bw-Dxi6kIf8WSOtFP6zdrV28yNOL3MejdVEA0KKUpafufuxo9FtMK8gKoKPKqvNz0WS-wjHQ/s2338/AAB1%20Good%20Soils%20001.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2338" data-original-width="1700" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhpjigQ1s-EvDENR6GaSeccmTKfo5PofZalpdNLcnnXR9-nYBrHbWK_TzaHuDwt_bqLntIC5PGuVKAy3EAP-kPD19y89r8Be0sx4VVty_dwa4zTH8bcM7Bw-Dxi6kIf8WSOtFP6zdrV28yNOL3MejdVEA0KKUpafufuxo9FtMK8gKoKPKqvNz0WS-wjHQ/w466-h640/AAB1%20Good%20Soils%20001.jpg" width="466" /></a></div><br /><div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgVHh82mL-u017FR_Z7T_FjFVEkGbWsygos0DUMz0Y_B7dryONKll5jWIYq1i6sJ4XcR0f0fpv4hsTlLeHFippgd70YF0WBVkxeFw18WyKdpvvOMhELUUOky4c1cb3xwgvm6lKFOT4SJnaAB5-ImZ4ejcWA3sYJ4FwtJ5gXrvV5aSPZAqtnbCKJhNVP4g/s2338/AAB2%20Geological%20Action%20001.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2338" data-original-width="1700" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgVHh82mL-u017FR_Z7T_FjFVEkGbWsygos0DUMz0Y_B7dryONKll5jWIYq1i6sJ4XcR0f0fpv4hsTlLeHFippgd70YF0WBVkxeFw18WyKdpvvOMhELUUOky4c1cb3xwgvm6lKFOT4SJnaAB5-ImZ4ejcWA3sYJ4FwtJ5gXrvV5aSPZAqtnbCKJhNVP4g/w466-h640/AAB2%20Geological%20Action%20001.jpg" width="466" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg19ehJHHt1Arfz2fQBLRgAW9hsLlvX0RgLSt3asA9BmxT8hLpTXYtUZUmaOv7G7K8540doZ0KKKGYwvqufuQVkK6HWgws2Msa3o7SNN52OuPQ9ntjBvojcubRTNEb9anmnf232LumXUuUfyxf3BarVoIvp702Y81hcSpG78WcVUTBdff5NjnBZ_vA03Q/s2338/AAB3%20Loess%20etc%20001.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2338" data-original-width="1700" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg19ehJHHt1Arfz2fQBLRgAW9hsLlvX0RgLSt3asA9BmxT8hLpTXYtUZUmaOv7G7K8540doZ0KKKGYwvqufuQVkK6HWgws2Msa3o7SNN52OuPQ9ntjBvojcubRTNEb9anmnf232LumXUuUfyxf3BarVoIvp702Y81hcSpG78WcVUTBdff5NjnBZ_vA03Q/w466-h640/AAB3%20Loess%20etc%20001.jpg" width="466" /></a></div><br /><p><br /></p></div>Ian Smalleyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10715518067515369104noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6275442480756740675.post-42289805549688306062023-02-28T04:18:00.004-08:002023-03-01T03:04:54.291-08:00Jim Bowler, Liu Tungsheng and the INQUA Loess Commission<p> Professor James Maurice Bowler OA FRSV b.1930 Geomorphologist/ Archaeologist/ Campaigner</p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjfgFBIkcJQGkH2O9GJI7r39CwmxQ9paQAzJTGMiKnXGx0tsg86QlgpYhHoQa6TI7w5cdwdwNmHvEn95AyGDJu8pl-wqSN81H1UJ7dVTTO0ADybWrGaek5mdu18rl5eigVDGeoA1kxDucjUQEQyLZraUVcwIwchXiD_m3Xppn9kmNdPcYGdxo5WL-cLzg/s301/images%20jim%20bowler.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="301" data-original-width="168" height="301" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjfgFBIkcJQGkH2O9GJI7r39CwmxQ9paQAzJTGMiKnXGx0tsg86QlgpYhHoQa6TI7w5cdwdwNmHvEn95AyGDJu8pl-wqSN81H1UJ7dVTTO0ADybWrGaek5mdu18rl5eigVDGeoA1kxDucjUQEQyLZraUVcwIwchXiD_m3Xppn9kmNdPcYGdxo5WL-cLzg/s1600/images%20jim%20bowler.jpg" width="168" /></a></div><b>Lakes & Loess</b>. Jim Bowler is best known for his discoveries of <i>Mungo Lady</i>(1968) and <i>Mungo Man</i>(1974) in the region of Lake Mungo (which he named), in the Willandra Lakes region of S.E.Australia. This was his PhD study area and he was essentially working on investigating the dried-up lakes as rain gauges for investigating the recent past. This is his region and he has had a long and productive academic life. His great fame in this particular field of study has rather masked the contributions he made to loess scholarship, and this minor but important aspect needs to be investigated and recorded. He went to China in 1975 as part of of an Australian Academy of Sciences delegation and he encountered the loess, and began to develop his fruitful relationship with Liu Tungsheng. For a useful study of JB at Lake Mungo see the Billy Griffith book 'Deep Time Dreaming: Uncovering Ancient Australia' published by Black Inc. in 2018. This sets the JB studies in the context of the often complicated world of ancient indigenous people and the history of ancient Australia. <div><br /></div><div><br /><p><b>Jim Bowler</b>. educated at The University of Melbourne BSc 1958; MSc in 1961; then on to ANU in Canberra for a PhD. To ANU in 1965; PhD 1970 (or 1971)</p><p>Bowler, J.M. 1971. Late Quaternary Environments: A study of lakes and associated sediments in South Eastern Australia. PhD thesis ANU Canberra</p><p>Bowler, J.M. 1973. Clay dunes: their occurrence, formation and environmental significance. Earth Science Reviews 9(4), 315-338.</p><p>PhD at ANU. He was directed towards the Willandra Lakes region by Joe Jennings. JJ was a reader at ANU; he moved to ANU from Leicester University in 1952. He left Leicester just around the time when Norman Pye was being appointed Professor of Geography and Head of the Geography Department. He had carried out some very successful studies on the Norfolk Broads but chose to abandon this wet region of Eastern England for the drier regions of Australia. One day when he was flying from Broken Hill to Sydney he noticed some interesting aspects of the Willandra Lakes region- a series of dry lakes showing some interesting geomorphology. When JB turned up needing a PhD topic he was guided towards the Willandra Lakes region and, riding his motor-cycle there in 1968 he discovered the remains which eventually became known as Mungo Lady. Named after Lake Mungo- a name which JB bestowed on the critical lake. </p><p>JJ went on the Australian Academy trip to China in 1975; one speculates that he was responsible for JB going as well; JB was a relatively junior ANU person but JJ was probably influential enough to request his presence.</p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgNnpJyk2yf1lijuG-bILZPjugfX5B_EkyxwF8XJRgb8jMUS5SH_goDu5Cfxfi2RHiAtkLNAydOD2AgeTMmQGNrYV4YLkCCOLBh6cgeJcUI5mt0jhb5LDkrZuiivJUh4qwEb6icB9DFo82_Wy8dVBsL80cNMIARCSMixMD7ue-SxEx4_LgvP2JnPok3Nw/s1600/features-New-South-Wales.webp" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1359" data-original-width="1600" height="544" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgNnpJyk2yf1lijuG-bILZPjugfX5B_EkyxwF8XJRgb8jMUS5SH_goDu5Cfxfi2RHiAtkLNAydOD2AgeTMmQGNrYV4YLkCCOLBh6cgeJcUI5mt0jhb5LDkrZuiivJUh4qwEb6icB9DFo82_Wy8dVBsL80cNMIARCSMixMD7ue-SxEx4_LgvP2JnPok3Nw/w640-h544/features-New-South-Wales.webp" width="640" /></a></div><br /><p>Lake Mungo is in the Willandra National Park, 300+km from the Australian Capital Territory.</p><p>Australian Quaternary Studies: A tribute to Jim Bowler. J. Magee, P. De Deckker eds Quaternary International 83-85, 1-292. 11 Sept 2001</p><p>J.Magee, P. De Deckker pp.1-4. Jim Bowlers contribution to Australian Quaternary Studies.</p><p><b>Liu Tungsheng.(1917-2008) </b> Liu Tungsheng- the <i>doyen </i>of Chinese loess investigators. The 1975 encounter with JB and the rest of the Australian party had a major effect on the life and career of Liu Tungsheng. His interest in loess had been waning in the aftermath of the Cultural Revolution but it was revived by the requirements of the visit. Liu, in preparing material for the loess excursions, found his interest rekindled and his life work re-energised. Bowler was determined to spread the word on Chinese loess and to promote loess studies and for several years he and Liu cooperated on these projects.</p><p>Yuhong Zhang, Li Guan, Qiang Liu 2018. Liu Tungsheng: a geologist from a traditional Chinese cultural background who became an international star of science. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences 155, 8-20.</p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjY6k7EsBWwXHEDfunTEB5BATj-xAZf-YnvyJFXE43lwCOa7QmfGgzSNmaVwDRI1FY0ITxElsf9C-IrWaXku4yMDVpviMl2lOE0Uh-51TZr9AZUoo8T-okKevd0bcgoOglbdea94ACP35qv9cf3ISe1dCh7CyJj1vCwVbnfza_iadI1-sUOTnJLK2nnXg/s265/Liu%20Tung%20sheng.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="265" data-original-width="216" height="265" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjY6k7EsBWwXHEDfunTEB5BATj-xAZf-YnvyJFXE43lwCOa7QmfGgzSNmaVwDRI1FY0ITxElsf9C-IrWaXku4yMDVpviMl2lOE0Uh-51TZr9AZUoo8T-okKevd0bcgoOglbdea94ACP35qv9cf3ISe1dCh7CyJj1vCwVbnfza_iadI1-sUOTnJLK2nnXg/s1600/Liu%20Tung%20sheng.jpg" width="216" /></a></div><br /><p></p><p>Bowler, J.M. 2009. Interview with Professor Liu Tungsheng (conducted in October 2004 in Beijing). J.M.Han et al (eds) Memory of Tungshen Liu. Commercial Press Beijing (in Chinese, original articles in English included) ISBN 978 7 100 06571 9)</p><p>"In a rare interview between two academic friends from two different countries, James Bowler (from Australia) and Liu Tungsheng, two great masters of science, conducted an intensive dialog about Quaternary Science, and its past, present and future prospects" (Zhang et al 2018)</p><p>A quote from Liu: "So 1975 was the turning point for renewing my (loess) studies, otherwise I may have continued to work on other environmental issues."</p><p><br /></p><p><b>Loess Commission. </b>The INQUA Congress in 1977 was held in Birmingham UK. This was an important moment for the Loess Commission. The President, Julius Fink of the University of Vienna, handed over to Marton Pecsi of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, and the Commission took on a 'new look'. The Commission was founded as a full commission in 1969 (at the Paris INQUA Congress);up to then it had functioned as a sub-commission of the Stratigraphy Commission and had focussed its investigations mainly into Central and Eastern Europe. Pecsi wanted to broaden the scope so he determined that the new look Loess Commission should look at world-wide loess deposits and should extend the field of studies into applied regions; engineering geology and ground engineering were valid topics. This expansion came at an ideal time for JB because he proposed that a 'Western Pacific Working Group' be founded which would concentrate on loess deposits in the Western Pacific region i.e. China, Australia and New Zealand. This was his way of promoting the loess deposits in China and supporting his friend Liu Tungsheng. The WPWG was announced in Birmingham in 1977 and functioned for about 10 years. In the INQUA system working groups were supposed to be set up to consider specific problems, and to run for limited periods.</p><p>Next, on to the ANZAAS conference in Auckland in early 1979. The Australia and New Zealand Association for the Advancement of Science met in Auckland and this was chosen as the official launching point for the WPWG. There were no Chinese delegates present but the Australian and New Zealand delegates decided on a programme and a plan of action. Three field trips would be held- in China, Australia and New Zealand- these would be discussion trips like those Fink organised in the early days of the Commission. The first would be in Australia in 1980; the New Zealand group would organise a newsletter to record the activities and spread the word. </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhlLB7pZTzeGxLb-9PV9ADkr3S5qkemhmGqM6ysiYV6kF-vz5fvSH5sIUpqYybBry-0z96__tugzUVQSc-xDWVCiYXtyRJjFboV6oqEkYWDDyKEbgA9od5_QVosOBZFzphgp_YuqpKPT6wQQHeyoviz1lPB_CQ3GzwMWGebtRtZDUeuFkd0LiICmmsRfQ/s779/LL4%20large.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="779" data-original-width="574" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhlLB7pZTzeGxLb-9PV9ADkr3S5qkemhmGqM6ysiYV6kF-vz5fvSH5sIUpqYybBry-0z96__tugzUVQSc-xDWVCiYXtyRJjFboV6oqEkYWDDyKEbgA9od5_QVosOBZFzphgp_YuqpKPT6wQQHeyoviz1lPB_CQ3GzwMWGebtRtZDUeuFkd0LiICmmsRfQ/w472-h640/LL4%20large.jpg" width="472" /></a></div><br /><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p>The newsletter was to be <i>Loess Letter,</i> which was first published in 1979; to appear twice a year. The early issues contain details of the setting up of the WPWG and give some details of the discussions which JB had in Beijing organising the Chinese involvement. Liu Tungsheng visited the NZ Soil Bureau in 1980 and wrote the title. Also in 1980 was the first WPWG field trip to S.E.Australia. Logically enough to the JB field area in the Willandra Lakes region, to see the aeolian landforms, to admire the'walls of China'- to actually fly in a light plane over Lake Frome and the edge of the Flinders range- and to have dinner in Broken Hill with Bruce Butler. The Chinese delegation should be recorded: Liu Tungsheng, Wu Zirong, Yuan Baoyin, Zheng Honghan, An Zhisheng & Wen Qizhong. A proceedings volume edited by Bob Wasson (mostly of CDU) was produced.</p><p>The next WPWG meeting was in China in 1985 and by then the whole world had changed. Chinese loess research had made a quick recovery and the first steps were being taken towards the huge effort and output of today. The meeting in China was a major conference; the proceedings volume contained 85 titles + a large book of 43 papers. The JB initiative had succeeded; there was indeed great interest in the Chinese loess. New Zealand in 1987; the third and last of the WPWG meetings; starting in Christchurch and heading north to Auckland. A conference volume was produced- which was summarised in<i> Loess Letter</i> 21 and carefully reviewed by Ed Derbyshire in PPG. The<i> Loess Letter</i> timing was fortuitous, LL21 was the tenth anniversary issue, the WPWG had been running for just ten years. JB may not have been the 'onlie begetter' but he was largely responsible.</p><p>Derbyshire, E. 1990. Book Reviews: Eden, D.N., Furkert, R.J. eds. 1989. Loess: its distribution, geology and soils. Balkema Rotterdam. Progress in Physical Geography 14, 569-571.</p><p><b>Commentary</b>. Rarther ironic that there is little loess in Australia; this remarkable loess based enterprise (the WPWG) was definitely aimed at China. Lucky that NZ was to hand to provide some real loess and to give the loess project a respectably loessic appearance. The granular landforms in S.E. Australia are great and granular but lacking in clastic material. This is the land of the clay-mineral-aggregate- the 'parna' which Bruce Butler described. The CMA material can behave like loess,. and larger CMA can behave like sand- this is a region where ideas can come together. The rainbowbirds can show us where loess-like material is to be found.</p><p>Ian Smalley 1977. New look for the Loess Commission. Nature 270, 300 only.</p><p>Ian Smalley, Slobodan Markovic, Ken O'Hara-Dhand 2010. The INQUA Loess Commission as a Central European enterprise. Open Geosciences 2(1), 3-8.</p><p>Ian Smalley, Ken O'Hara-Dhand 2010. The Western Pacific Working Group of the INQUA Loess Commission: expansion from Central Europe. Open Geosciences 2(1), 9-14.</p><p>Ian Smalley, Sue McLaren, Ken O'Hara-Dhand 2015. Loess and bee-eaters 4: Distribution of the Rainbowbird (<i>Merops ornatus </i>Latham 1801) in Australia. Quaternary International 399, 230-235. </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg2EGSqacgFdGEUsZGRmFMPf6acBnzY4gYOjv7KuumL4wlNDGF_0xu3yF_cpxPQ3wryoQwdet3p3pF2dG5h3e03subRwEsgfGbMPTSuvnLNwELtkMKogqWI8FPvY3IkDtBKzcMlD7oMUOvTYaY5WA3y4M6eYfdi_dFdIlTKBIs_FaUMi67C6DIoV7BfnQ/s496/file-20180703-116129-1sp5ap6.webp" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="437" data-original-width="496" height="282" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg2EGSqacgFdGEUsZGRmFMPf6acBnzY4gYOjv7KuumL4wlNDGF_0xu3yF_cpxPQ3wryoQwdet3p3pF2dG5h3e03subRwEsgfGbMPTSuvnLNwELtkMKogqWI8FPvY3IkDtBKzcMlD7oMUOvTYaY5WA3y4M6eYfdi_dFdIlTKBIs_FaUMi67C6DIoV7BfnQ/s320/file-20180703-116129-1sp5ap6.webp" width="320" /></a></div><br /><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgJr_Ja4gMObTAD-AIFRVRuur13QB0YAH5BrKK7EhPM5slhD3g6jSjLlbN-rzXYVHVwJhbkWyXelwoIxZu-djHzky16eZn67r7HVk9n_Yw_WpLlbrIMxGCFk94VeC_1I6ewaWoXt-bm0H8UfnNFelwKe13VOLjZ61NRcMWcTokVVVoXEMTipvBXsLpnSg/s200/142749000014871004_zc_v50_melbourne_convergence_jim_bowler.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><br /></a></div><p>salute JB!</p></div>Ian Smalleyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10715518067515369104noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6275442480756740675.post-6141039111604680792023-02-16T07:57:00.006-08:002023-02-20T04:38:58.579-08:00Professor Derbyshire encounters the Loess in China<p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgx8Bv7uVqejf8wotacy0DSAcASwb8opTSfz70AjhSZeN6LEzgMllV1Nl0Ne3aITad4xXamQBBYrrngky-kWfwG_s8zcuayTCR4ImAgr1Hdm6XSup_cOiyyC24cP_qp3A4NAlnycCBLQ7MaNlOV_udqdnSLwiaaJqViypdm2Wv3uASTTzp3hk0q7rcJ7g/s3577/Pops_Friend%20copy.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2390" data-original-width="3577" height="428" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgx8Bv7uVqejf8wotacy0DSAcASwb8opTSfz70AjhSZeN6LEzgMllV1Nl0Ne3aITad4xXamQBBYrrngky-kWfwG_s8zcuayTCR4ImAgr1Hdm6XSup_cOiyyC24cP_qp3A4NAlnycCBLQ7MaNlOV_udqdnSLwiaaJqViypdm2Wv3uASTTzp3hk0q7rcJ7g/w640-h428/Pops_Friend%20copy.jpg" width="640" /></a></div>This is ED with Grant McTainsh at the Dirtmap meeting in Jena in 2000: ED is one with beard.<p></p><p><br /> Professor Edward Derbyshire: b.18 August 1932: Physical Geographer/ Loess Scholar</p><p><b>Encounter</b>. This is the story of a fateful encounter; an important moment in an academic life- which had considerable geoscientific consequences and affected many careers. The encounter took place in 1977 when ED went to China with a delegation from the Royal Society. The purpose of the visit was to re-establish scientific contacts which had been degraded during the Cultural Revolution in China. The Cultural Revolution lasted roughly ten years, from 1966 to 1976; by 1977 moves were afoot to restore some of the damage which had been caused. The Royal Society party visited the Loess Regions and ED encountered the Loess. He was impressed. A similar party from the Australian Academy of Sciences also visited the loess regions and Jim Bowler was similarly impressed. Both Bowler and ED, being people of action, set about developing their relationships with this amazing material/landscape. Bowler set up the INQUA Western Pacific Working Group to promote loess research in China, Australia and New Zealand, and ED developed a close relationship with workers in Lanzhou, particularly Wang Jing tai and set about planning a project to investigate landslides in the loess in the Lanzhou region. </p><p>ED 1983 The loess at Jiuzhoutai, Peoples Republic of China - a note. Loess Letter 9, 10-13 [see www.loessletter.msu.edu]- one of the first responses to the encounter.</p><p>ED address given as: Soils Research Laboratory, University of Keele, Keele, Staffs. ST5 5BG, England. Some of the very early ED loess literature belongs to Keele but most of the loess activity is associated with Leicester University.</p><p><b>Keele. </b> In 1977 ED was reader in the Geography Department at the University of Keele; he had a long relationship with Keele University and possibly, when the ossified structure in the Geography Department at Leicester was proving difficult to shift, regretted leaving. ED was a student at Keele: BA 1954, and he returned, after various adventures in Canada and Australia as a Lecturer in 1966. He remained as a lecturer until 1970 and was then promoted to senior lecturer; then to reader in 1974. He stayed as reader until 1984 and was then (belatedly he thought) promoted to professor. But he had decided to leave (feeling unappreciated) and moved to Leicester in 1985.</p><p><b>Leicester</b>. Norman Pye had been Professor of Geography and Head of Department at Leicester from 1954 to 1979; it had become a very Pye-like department, a certain Pye-crust had developed- essentially the old style traditional geography so the Pye successor was going to face multiple tasks. ED was appointed in 1985 and set about developing a modern department, and setting up the Loess Landslides in Lanzhou project. The key co-developer was Wang Jingtai at the Disasters Research Institute in Lanzhou and on a visit to York University in Toronto he met Ian Smalley who agreed to come to Leicester and join the enterprise. A certain symmetry here; Smalley had worked with Jim Bowler setting up the Western Pacific Working Group and was publishing <i>Loess Letter </i>so it was fitting that he moved to Leicester to work with the other China inspired operative on another aspect of loess research.</p><p>A great setback early on; the landslides project depended on soil mechanics testing and the Leicester University Engineering Department was due to provide access to their well equipped soil mechanics laboratory to cover this aspect of the work. The Leicester Engineering Department was a combined department, it included Civil, Mechanical and Electrical Engineering and in the mid-1980s the Electrical Engineering section was perceived as performing rather badly, and the strange response to this was to close the Civil Engineering Section so that resources could be concentrated on Electrical Engineering, which was seen as being more important and promising for the future. So, at a stroke, the soil mechanics laboratory was lost and the project appeared to be mortally wounded.</p><p>On a morning in November 1989 Tom Dijkstra and Ian Smalley drove north from Leicester heading for Loughborough. The purpose was to visit Loughborough University and make contact with the soil mechanics people and possibly enlist their help- to replace what had been lost by the Leicester Civil Engineering closure. The key person in Loughborough soil mechanics turned out to be Dr.Chris Rogers, and he agreed to cooperate. By a lucky chance Dr Rogers had been a student at Leeds University and had been taught ground stuff by Ian Smalley- so a link already existed. And the timing was good; Loughborough CED wanted a bit more exposure and the prospect of joint papers was attractive; thus was initiated a fruitful Leicester-Loughborough link which did in fact lead to some useful and much cited papers. A direct result of the loess cooperation was the default paper on hydroconsolidation and subsidence in loess:</p><p>Rogers, C.D.F., Dijkstra, T.A., Smalley, I.J. 1994. Hydroconsolidation and subsidence of loess; Studies from China, Russia, North America and Europe. Engineering Geology 37, 83-113.</p><p><b>Landslides in Lanzhou</b>. Government of Gansu Province/ Commission of the European Communities: Research & Control of Landslides and Debris Flows in the Loess Region of Gansu Province, China; Contract no. CI.1.0109. U.K.(H)</p><p>ED, Wang J T 1988. EC launches project on landslides and debris flows in Chinese loess. Episodes 11, 131-132</p><p><b>NATO: Collapsing Soils at Loughborough</b>. A spin-off from the main loess project was the meeting in Loughborough in 1995 to discuss loess and other collapsing soils. Support from NATO enabled several very important scholars to attend- including George Kukla, Richard Handy and Jaroslav Feda. A very handsome book was published by Kluwer in 1995, and reprinted in paperback by Springer in 2012..</p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjTB0yc9YZBBw0prhfq055qT9QL5kLK2ap7n5d9Z0_IvWTcLYfnAWbe1j3g8B1z-j5VFPA5F_v7MtB-Bgx1btvNh9pHbbKFcUon4ymlSFYPoPpm-fjetPBrW9n2yIXm0pLllSpbsj3cXYvh8pgfMRLdu_bPJ_d5UJQZ9PKISBRQRX_W0VKaJvRj3DZxCg/s666/Genesis%20&%20properties.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="666" data-original-width="444" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjTB0yc9YZBBw0prhfq055qT9QL5kLK2ap7n5d9Z0_IvWTcLYfnAWbe1j3g8B1z-j5VFPA5F_v7MtB-Bgx1btvNh9pHbbKFcUon4ymlSFYPoPpm-fjetPBrW9n2yIXm0pLllSpbsj3cXYvh8pgfMRLdu_bPJ_d5UJQZ9PKISBRQRX_W0VKaJvRj3DZxCg/w266-h400/Genesis%20&%20properties.jpg" width="266" /></a></div>ED, Tom Dijkstra, Ian Smalley (eds) 1995. Genesis and Properties of Collapsible Soils. NATO ASI series C Math.& Phys.Sci. v.468. Kluwer 424 p. ISBN 9780 7923 35870: reprinted Springer 2012 ISBN 9789 4010 40471.<br /><p><b>LoessFest 1999. </b> Ludwig Zoeller suggested that a loess conference be held to celebrate the 175th anniversary of the description and naming of the loess by Karl Caesar von Leonhard in Heidelberg in 1824. This idea was taken up by ED and eventually a great conference, a LoessFest, was held in Heidelberg and Bonn in 1999. </p><p>Begin in Heidelberg; visit Haarlass- the <i>locus typicus</i> for loess, this is KCvL country. Samples distributed and certificates of authenticity. On to Bonn for the papers and presentations. Most of the delegates stayed at a hostel out in Venusberg (this could be the Venusberg where Tannhauser met Venus and they enjoyed some quality time in each others company). </p><p>ED (ed) 1999. LoessFest 1999 Proceedings. Loess: Characterization, Stratigraphy, Climate and Societal Significance. 272p.</p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiQN-kdjvH47nzNyh3w-Jhi9OVE49Yh6UVs3Cq__ApVsPR1hiT8Qxo22_S5GYi8-VzEDQHPT64R7dM58DUYZ80X0f8LRak4is_ym1gFKhosphgjwWYYUPdSAueMLYY5_gDxjuLR4MgJk5_d0h-Aldayb_67HIILMPi5K2Xa_NrkHvdMufRoDaWt9mWqpg/s900/LOESSFEST%201999%20in%20Bonn,%20Germany%20(1).jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="643" data-original-width="900" height="458" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiQN-kdjvH47nzNyh3w-Jhi9OVE49Yh6UVs3Cq__ApVsPR1hiT8Qxo22_S5GYi8-VzEDQHPT64R7dM58DUYZ80X0f8LRak4is_ym1gFKhosphgjwWYYUPdSAueMLYY5_gDxjuLR4MgJk5_d0h-Aldayb_67HIILMPi5K2Xa_NrkHvdMufRoDaWt9mWqpg/w640-h458/LOESSFEST%201999%20in%20Bonn,%20Germany%20(1).jpg" width="640" /></a></div><br /><p>People at LoessFest: thats Ludwig Zoeller on the extreme left, he sets one limit; thats Ed Derbyshire on the extreme right sitting on the pillar, he sets another limit. Ian Smalley is more or less in the middle, bald head, beard, light coloured jacket -on his right with blue shirt and offering profile is Tom Dijkstra. Behind the TD right shoulder is Andre Dodonov. One day we will contrive a proper outline and numbering system and get everyone identified. Steve Porter in front of the ED pillar; we are all standing outside the Geographical Institute of the University of Bonn.</p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjw4xbmXUDtKijq0U10OHyo8rQVFw877y4rgzOv12icMDf43BWQQl5rsbsR3GicRm0tDfk8q4WwJIfHuz4WhCKA6fUZoZd0eV18PlIO_fjVt1J-Smx878rBvtiHaei1oLaLTUGLjnK1GiAaT5hJoGqJmegf8ws2O_Fdw9cK_fJsANCwq4grT2zKNhc4jg/s2338/LoessFest%20Heidelberg%20001.bmp" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2338" data-original-width="1700" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjw4xbmXUDtKijq0U10OHyo8rQVFw877y4rgzOv12icMDf43BWQQl5rsbsR3GicRm0tDfk8q4WwJIfHuz4WhCKA6fUZoZd0eV18PlIO_fjVt1J-Smx878rBvtiHaei1oLaLTUGLjnK1GiAaT5hJoGqJmegf8ws2O_Fdw9cK_fJsANCwq4grT2zKNhc4jg/w466-h640/LoessFest%20Heidelberg%20001.bmp" width="466" /></a></div>Two special issues for LoessFest:<div>ED (ed) 2001. Recent research on loess and palaeosols, pure and applied. Earth Science Reviews 54, 1-260. This contained a variety of interesting papers including what may be the first moderately significant history of loess scholarship:</div><div>Ian Smalley, Ian Jefferson, Tom Dijkstra, ED 2001. Some major events in the development of the scientific study of loess. Earth Science Reviews 54, 5-18</div><div>and also the drafting document for the DIRTMAP project (which was discussed at the Fest):</div><div>Karen Kohfeld, Sandy Harrison DIRTMAP: the geological record of the loess. Earth Science Reviews 54, 81-114.</div><div>ED (ed) 2001 Loess and Palaeosols: characterization, chronology and climate. Quaternary International 76/77</div><div>this contained the paper by Vaclav Cilek which set out a realistic set of conditions in which the contentious process of loessification could occur</div><div>Vaclav Cilek 2001 The loess deposits of the Bohemian Massif: silt provenance, palaeometeorology and loessification. Quaternary International 76, 123-128.<br /><p><br /></p><p><b>Big Book 2000. </b>The climax of the Loess Landslides in Lanzhou project:</p><p>Landslides in the Thick Loess Terrain of North-West China. eds. ED, Xingmin Meng, Tom Dijkstra. John Wiley Chichester 288p. 2000. [Library of Congress gives 1999, but the copyright mark is 2000] ISBN 0471 97349 1.</p><p><b>ED@80. </b>A tribute to ED's loessic endeavours- particularly in China</p><p>Loess in China and Europe: a tribute to Edward Derbyshire. 2014. eds.Slobodan Markovic, Shiling Yang, Norm Catto, Tom Stevens. Quaternary International 334-335. 17June 2014</p><p>Loess and dust dynamics, environments, landforms, and pedogenesis: a tribute to Edward Derbyshire. eds. Slobodan Markovic, Lewis Owen. Catena 117, 157p.</p><p><b>Commentary. </b>A beginning and an end. A definite, easily defined beginning, and an arbitrary end. The ED@80 meeting in Novi Sad in 2012 was a very substantial marker of the progression of ED on the great loess journey. Of course he went on to do many useful and significant things but ED@80 was a neat indicator of a remarkable project carried out with great skill and determination and producing some excellent results.</p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p></div>Ian Smalleyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10715518067515369104noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6275442480756740675.post-1676926787179942992023-02-03T04:14:00.002-08:002023-02-11T06:37:14.703-08:00Meeting John Hardcastle [not in Timaru, in Lower Hutt]<p> John Hardcastle, encountered on 19th January 1979, a warm summer day in Lower Hutt. The meeting took place in the library of the NZ Soil Bureau on Eastern Hutt Road, Taita, Lower Hutt NZ. Present JH, Jewel Davin, Ian Smalley.</p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjZ9ESjxdVp6Xad9hhbppg73h7gwiOW0JlnJECSutVeWQ0sZn3pG94hwqX7L7esRMWxJ6egZWds6gi_nMM_9BX-YTOuCHtoQ-ST5OYMiclHE9ipV62roNBDahbhO0edkPPNoLhhqFrR2fNMdZpM1ZwQ1qkdy5oup3ld8RuvpiIysjGh_RNsKiWykOoBxQ/s622/Hardcastle%20TimHer.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="622" data-original-width="344" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjZ9ESjxdVp6Xad9hhbppg73h7gwiOW0JlnJECSutVeWQ0sZn3pG94hwqX7L7esRMWxJ6egZWds6gi_nMM_9BX-YTOuCHtoQ-ST5OYMiclHE9ipV62roNBDahbhO0edkPPNoLhhqFrR2fNMdZpM1ZwQ1qkdy5oup3ld8RuvpiIysjGh_RNsKiWykOoBxQ/w354-h640/Hardcastle%20TimHer.jpg" width="354" /></a></div><br /><p>That was a Friday, only three days before the start of the 49th ANZAAS Conference in Auckland, where there were more encounters: Jim Bowler, Jane Soons, Alan Pullar and various other noteables. Bowler was on site to kick start the Western Pacific Working Group of the INQUA Loess Commission- so it was an important meeting. JH was there in spirit.</p><p>JH was revealed by the initial searches for material for BR28- the NZ Loess Bibliography. Up to 1979 he had been an obscure provincial scholar- after 1979 he was revealed as a significant loess thinker, one of the key investigators in NZ into matters loessic; in fact he became a world figure as the inventor of loess stratigraphy- the person who described loess as a 'register of climate change'.</p><p>John Hardcastle 1908. Notes on the Geology of South Canterbury. Timaru Herald, Sophia Street Timaru 62p. New edition published as Loess Letter Supplement ns2 June 2014 Leicester University</p><p>Roger Fagg 2001 John Hardcastle (1847-1927) -a gifted amateur. Geological Society of New Zealand Historical Studies Group Newsletter 22, 21-25.</p><p>Roger Fagg Ian Smalley 2019 Loess in New Zealand: Observations by Haast Hutton Hardcastle Wild and Speight 1878-1944. Quaternary International 502A 173-178.</p><p>Roger Fagg Ian Smalley 2018 'Hardcastle Hollows' in loess landforms: closed depressions in aeolian landscapes- in a geoheritage context. Open Geosciences 10, 58-63.</p><p><b>JH</b> 1899 Origin of the loess deposit of the Timaru plateau. Transactions and proceedings of the New Zealand Institute 22, 406-414 [reprinted in Loess Letter 71 www.loessletter.msu.edu ] </p><p><b>JH</b> 1890 On the Timaru loess as a climate register. ibid 23, 324-332 [reprinted in LL71]</p><p>Ian Smalley 1983 John Hardcastle on glacier motion and glacial loess. Journal of Glaciology 29, 480-484 [reprinted in LL71]</p><p>Ian Smalley Roger Fagg 2014 John Hardcastle looks at the Timaru loess; climate signals are observed, and fragipans. Quaternary International 372, 51-57.</p><p>Ian Smalley Ian Jefferson Tom Dijkstra Edward Derbyshire 2001. Some major events in the development of the scientific study of loess. Earth Science Reviews 54 5-18 [section on JH].</p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEifxUaohgxxGY4zzUbLIwQ_wK3v0QgTqtQloAebpqrKe2w2L0ZA9H6qi-QlfxxUh7tX1u2Bol0Bzie3vTB4oncptqAC3JN8hsYiVfAqU1I7uEWBfjTXdRBF7U-eqA6k8JfBuZ7aeE2GzHAVSmAHEQzlkOD1vhBuDS6zmihsEEV5K50sHl44eu9lJ02cIw/s2338/raeside%20sth%20island%20001.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2338" data-original-width="1700" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEifxUaohgxxGY4zzUbLIwQ_wK3v0QgTqtQloAebpqrKe2w2L0ZA9H6qi-QlfxxUh7tX1u2Bol0Bzie3vTB4oncptqAC3JN8hsYiVfAqU1I7uEWBfjTXdRBF7U-eqA6k8JfBuZ7aeE2GzHAVSmAHEQzlkOD1vhBuDS6zmihsEEV5K50sHl44eu9lJ02cIw/w466-h640/raeside%20sth%20island%20001.jpg" width="466" /></a></div><br /><p>Christchurch Star 3 October 1890:</p><p>An ordinary meeting of the Philosophical Institute of Canterbury was held in the Public Library last evening. There was a moderate attendance, the President, Mr.J.T.Meeson, in the chair. .. The Secretary read a paper by Mr.J.Hardcastle of Timaru, on "The Loess of Timaru as a Climate Register". He stated his conclusion that the loess is a formation of wind-blown dust belonging to the second glacial period, and contains bands, which mark pauses in the process of deposition, which are interpreted as registers of considerable variation of climate within that period.</p>Ian Smalleyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10715518067515369104noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6275442480756740675.post-67163844912497085262023-01-30T04:22:00.001-08:002023-01-30T04:42:51.456-08:00Jewel Davin in New Zealand: A new approach to Bibliography: BR28, BR30<p> Jewel Elizabeth Davin 1945-2014; Librarian at the DSIR Soil Bureau HQ at Taita, Lower Hutt, New Zealand. Jewel was librarian in 1978 when Ian Smalley arrived from the University of Leeds to undertake his study of the New Zealand loess. Jewel had been the only Soil Bureau bibliographer but suddenly another one appeared- there followed a few years of interesting bibliographical activity.</p><p>When Ian Smalley arrived in New Zealand he carried with him the almost completed text of the loess bibliography which he was preparing for the Geo Abstracts bibliography series. This was an INQUA operation and earlier drafts had been tested on Marton Pecsi and Dan Yaalon. It was completed in New Zealand and published from the Soil Engineering Section. It was a general bibliography, covering all aspects of loess investigation. Particular attention was paid to loess studies in Russian; it was felt that loess studies in Russian had been neglected. The timing was good- this set the scene for the two Smalley-Davin New Zealand bibliographies.</p><p>LPB- Ian Smalley 1980 Loess- A Partial Bibliography. Geo Abstracts Bibliography no.7. Geo Abstracts/ Elsevier Norwich 103p. ISBN 0 86094 036 5</p><p>BR28- Ian Smalley, Jewel Davin 1980 The First Hundred Years- A Historical Bibliography of the New Zealand Loess. New Zealand Soil Bureau Bibliographical Report BR28 166p.</p><p>BR30- Ian Smalley, Jewel Davin 1982 Fragipan horizons in soils: a bibliographic study and review of some of the hard layers in loess and other materials. New Zealand Soil Bureau Bibliographical Report BR30 122p. </p><p><br /></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgn70oOAl6AVZPvcvemHuXErp9bCgFI7ZKhnItcX_hfO52B4QzK46IBf3rPCyI0gmil5STqxXDlf7ktKHsaZAXxwenX8b5GuTt7Qtf3Ib9gHhckHxjblNORTavlGcB-m54FDoC0oI6QRBpNZxZvh9phMjWzUfh6WCQX6QxMe0FnAL77gxIMXuXiq15r5w/s634/fragipan%20sketch%20BR30.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="634" data-original-width="551" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgn70oOAl6AVZPvcvemHuXErp9bCgFI7ZKhnItcX_hfO52B4QzK46IBf3rPCyI0gmil5STqxXDlf7ktKHsaZAXxwenX8b5GuTt7Qtf3Ib9gHhckHxjblNORTavlGcB-m54FDoC0oI6QRBpNZxZvh9phMjWzUfh6WCQX6QxMe0FnAL77gxIMXuXiq15r5w/w556-h640/fragipan%20sketch%20BR30.jpg" width="556" /></a></div><br /><p>BR28 was the first complete study of the loess in New Zealand; it was designed to provide information as well as references. The default bibliography is essentially a list of references in alphabetical order of authors; BR28 had entries in historical order and offered comments and details on the various entries; it was also well illustrated. Possibly one of the most useful things achieved by BR28 was the recording of activity related to the 1973 INQUA Congress which had been held in New Zealand and had generated much ephemeral publication. BR28 reproduced material from guide books and related publications which may not have been caught in any other bibliographic net. The whole idea of the BR series was well conceived but not used as effectively as it might have been; scientists prefer to do science and tend to regard writing bibliographies as a distraction.. The BR series was one of the main achievements of the Soil Bureau.</p><p>BR30. The success of BR28 led immediately to the preparation of BR30. LPB had concerned all loess, BR28 had concerned loess in New Zealand; BR30 would be focussed on one aspect of loess soils- the formation of fragipan horizons. It was implied, but not specifically stated that fragipan formation was essentially a phenomenon which occurred in loess soils, and subsequent investigations have indicated that this may be true. If a structural collapse is required for fragipan formation then the loess soil is best equipped to provide the necessary open metastable structure- but BR30 made no proposals; it was a listing of possibilities and geographical data (in various languages). It was probably the most cited of all the BRs (40 citations in 2023).</p><p>The BR series ended with the untimely end of Soil Bureau. Jewel is listed in the Fitzsimmons et al (2018)study of significant women loess scholars. Fagg & Smalley (2019) have added some detail to the early history of loess research in New Zealand. Ian Smalley (1989) bade farewell to Soil Bureau- a manifestation of idealism and cooperation- surely missed.</p><p>Fitzsimmons, K., McLaren, S., Smalley, I.J. 2018. The first loess map and related matters: contributions by twenty significant women loess scholars. Open Geosciences 10, 311-322.</p><p>Fagg, R., Smalley, I.J. 2019. Loess in New Zealand: Observations by Haast Hutton Hardcastle Wild and Speight 1878-1944. Quaternary International 502A, 173-178.</p><p>Ian Smalley 1989. Farewell Soil Bureau. Nature 337, 300 only.</p>Ian Smalleyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10715518067515369104noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6275442480756740675.post-59868375405897474772023-01-26T04:17:00.001-08:002023-01-27T04:08:56.146-08:00The Teton Dam failure in Idaho in 1976: a problem with the use of loess material in the construction of a large embankment dam<p> The Teton Dam, built on the Teton River in Idaho failed on 5 June 1976 as it was filling. 94m high, it cost $100 million to build; built by the US Bureau of Reclamation- to provide hydropower.</p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgl_QHmpCSGE8BQObbfejTiYTK0JVAhqCtLoBQ-9RcM01UUldMVRHCm8wtYDPOKHYe9mP6Lk-TeVbEJJqeaY9WxzRxIcMfOvuXppItlFBpjOTyPi4WBLJyU5VF4ok6vPQvJNOh7FJYpeICKtP_YiHTvqhWpsEoIB2Oy4ZpAzogo9xaOUTLge1oWnqfQQg/s576/Teton%20Dam%20map.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="576" data-original-width="552" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgl_QHmpCSGE8BQObbfejTiYTK0JVAhqCtLoBQ-9RcM01UUldMVRHCm8wtYDPOKHYe9mP6Lk-TeVbEJJqeaY9WxzRxIcMfOvuXppItlFBpjOTyPi4WBLJyU5VF4ok6vPQvJNOh7FJYpeICKtP_YiHTvqhWpsEoIB2Oy4ZpAzogo9xaOUTLge1oWnqfQQg/w614-h640/Teton%20Dam%20map.jpg" width="614" /></a></div><br /><p>Ian Smalley 1992. The Teton Dam: rhyolite foundation + loess core = disaster. Geology Today 8, (no.1) 19-22.</p><p>Ian Smalley, Tom Dijkstra 1991. The Teton Dam (Idaho USA) failure problems with the use of loess material in earth dam structures. Engineering Geology 31, 197-203.</p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj7IU9zm8abkp6GHUJznZlwqNvew3aiqfRLx7hI5ddp2arRI6ZnuMcbb17tPARTGyAXWKUwbDLAZs-Ut9_CT-b7Mffe2tfR5Z9P7LGyr3IsvZUaloQiKDkCeqd_ww-sbtXdfyXk-N57RLRlOggvBFMHGlHq4Du2Yp9Nf1TqAObIIvk2fET7gGnSaNtARw/s734/teton%20dam%20plan.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="734" data-original-width="648" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj7IU9zm8abkp6GHUJznZlwqNvew3aiqfRLx7hI5ddp2arRI6ZnuMcbb17tPARTGyAXWKUwbDLAZs-Ut9_CT-b7Mffe2tfR5Z9P7LGyr3IsvZUaloQiKDkCeqd_ww-sbtXdfyXk-N57RLRlOggvBFMHGlHq4Du2Yp9Nf1TqAObIIvk2fET7gGnSaNtARw/w566-h640/teton%20dam%20plan.jpg" width="566" /></a></div><br /><p>Geotechnical problems with loess usually involve hydroconsolidation and subsidence- the problems are caused by the presence of the open metastable structure of ground materials. What the Teton Dam failure demonstrates very clearly is that there are geotechnical problems associated with remoulded loess- it is not only the open structure that causes geotechnical problems- it is the nature of the ground itself. Problems arose within the field of soil mechanics because of an inclination to view ground materials as either cohesive (clayey) or cohesionless (sandy soils). Loess was a soil which was</p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg6oVAF652Ay7v2jHNyDxY3UfhlCrcO_0Roej_J0CR0oe33MEz2Pn8jWIvLO_tQNtyBpKgHZNb4vo9ZgapmBe2vnssgRxXw_MtAee7rHf3ci6GNCdl7kTexBs_JmAiXvvt8dUiUbJ1WNg6-2DOD52K1rT7ceUwWpB8wfx0kRIEGBy2_W2pcd_7vC3AImg/s680/teton%20dam%20section.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="461" data-original-width="680" height="271" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg6oVAF652Ay7v2jHNyDxY3UfhlCrcO_0Roej_J0CR0oe33MEz2Pn8jWIvLO_tQNtyBpKgHZNb4vo9ZgapmBe2vnssgRxXw_MtAee7rHf3ci6GNCdl7kTexBs_JmAiXvvt8dUiUbJ1WNg6-2DOD52K1rT7ceUwWpB8wfx0kRIEGBy2_W2pcd_7vC3AImg/w400-h271/teton%20dam%20section.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><br /> essentially cohesive but definitely not sandy- loess occupied a sort of midway position. The problem at Teton was that it could not be satisfactorily compacted- the essential core lacked the required properties. In loess the primary mineral particles interact (after remoulding)- there is no capacity for compaction. The engineers at the Teton Dam failed to understand the special nature of loess ground- this contributed to the failure.<p></p>Ian Smalleyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10715518067515369104noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6275442480756740675.post-46348126569758154322022-12-17T11:44:00.001-08:002022-12-19T05:09:56.712-08:00Ken O'Hara-Dhand in the 21st Century: an appreciation<p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhjeOSj3kLkeVnkGJ3-pL0L3x6GQoQGADywV0tVfHbU8p8vimR7ktMSGOrlkWG2VYFKxuXDe-mghjmns62PmgrXBgOqnzRe87T5pSyTmhwZ8GoDCnGFVVJszKDv5sN3uXb5ItfjjUQtXZlGjT2y2etWau4u2KKhFDKJUlUyC_1hondeUQ1n_levhhZJCw/s531/ken%20full%20length.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="531" data-original-width="127" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhjeOSj3kLkeVnkGJ3-pL0L3x6GQoQGADywV0tVfHbU8p8vimR7ktMSGOrlkWG2VYFKxuXDe-mghjmns62PmgrXBgOqnzRe87T5pSyTmhwZ8GoDCnGFVVJszKDv5sN3uXb5ItfjjUQtXZlGjT2y2etWau4u2KKhFDKJUlUyC_1hondeUQ1n_levhhZJCw/s320/ken%20full%20length.jpg" width="77" /></a></div><b>K</b>en O'Hara-Dhand. <b>K</b> is our hero; not living in Prague, he inhabits Middle England; Nottingham and Leicester and environs. Not a youngish office worker, a mature geoscientist, nominally retired (in 2001 he was 65) but actually entering his most productive period. This is a very subjective appreciation; one persons point of view. An appreciation essentially of the last part of Ken's life- the loessic years considered; its a 21st Century view, the final tranche of the 1936-2020 span- adventures in loess world.<p></p><p><br /></p><p>NTU. In the late nineteen nineties Dr Mike Rosenbaum left Imperial College and moved to Nottingham Trent University as Professor of Geotechnical Engineering. His job was to develop research programmes in engineering geology and ground engineering. Ken had been working with Dr R at Imperial and eventually drifted over to NTU to continue the association; he joined the geotechnical team at NTU. On 29 September 2001 Ken gave a seminar in the Civil Engineering Department, very few records of this event remain but it was recorded that he mentioned loess and Greens functions (which relate to Fourier analysis and Fourier transformations - of which more later) Loess was mentioned, the fateful word was uttered.</p><p>Dr Raj Kumar. Raj came from India to work at NTU as a visiting research fellow. He arrived in September 2002 and he and Ken set about investigating the formation of quartz silt using a model glacier system which they developed. Actually the idea of using a Bromhead ring shear machine as a model glacier had originated with Janet Wright while she was doing her PhD at Queens Belfast. She was looking at ways of producing quartz silt for loess deposits and used a Bromhead ring shear machine to produce shear and crushing stresses to break sand grains. The Bromhead was a machine designed for use in soil mechanics laboratories which could produce a long time continuous shear stress. A circular sample could be deformed by circular platens and very long term tests were possible. Janet suffered from some problems with her Bromhead; it was not her machine (borrowed from another department) she was working within the close time constraints of a PhD project; she could not make significant modifications to the machine, and and she had to test other possible methods of producing silt- she could not concentrate solely on glacial grinding. Raj and K had more freedom of action. They designed and made rougher platens to more accurately represent the ground and glacier surfaces and they had their own dedicated Bromhead machines- new state of the art Bromheads in the NTU soil mechanics laboratory. Janet did not produce much silt from her machine but the K and Raj machines were very productive. Their best result (see illustration from a paper by Markovic & Smalley) was to show the stages in the deformation of sand grains by measuring the height of the sample vs. comminution time. [It has been suggested that this was the most significant research result produced by a Bromhead- but that would doubtless be disputed]. The sand sample is deformed; initially there is some slight dilatant expansion, then particle breakage begins; the Moss defects are activated and the conversion of sand to silt is achieved relatively quickly. Long term grinding takes the system close to the comminution limit. Enormous amounts of glacial grinding can produce ground systems containing large amounts of very small quartz particles (e.g. the Canadian quickclays) but a just-right amount of grinding (say to the end of stage 3)gives the quartz silt for loess deposits.</p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgtzU8Cm2lqEULcId-ngmkfQsR7ZNI2OoDyIQQbzSCyYViFxfgE5IrZ01g8vsEcntjhfsSPmJlTNQaDyRJemWVfBX9RaMhhd7ZcuTwlJPfixOCLH-Nb5mFxu0VfdEH7cMlu13b0ITdtxOw95YQu0pDN8dO1A-HuKA3vtt-N2WrDRqRD-Jy2bXEeIBkZKw/s833/smalleysomethingsomething.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="748" data-original-width="833" height="574" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgtzU8Cm2lqEULcId-ngmkfQsR7ZNI2OoDyIQQbzSCyYViFxfgE5IrZ01g8vsEcntjhfsSPmJlTNQaDyRJemWVfBX9RaMhhd7ZcuTwlJPfixOCLH-Nb5mFxu0VfdEH7cMlu13b0ITdtxOw95YQu0pDN8dO1A-HuKA3vtt-N2WrDRqRD-Jy2bXEeIBkZKw/w640-h574/smalleysomethingsomething.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><br /><p><br /></p><p>Golden Age. The proposed Golden Age of Loess Research in East & Central Europe is from 2006 to about 2020 (the onset of Covid which closed everything down). So K was there at the start of the golden age. The seeds were sown at the LoessFest in 1999 but the golden age bloomed in 2006 with the Marsigli loess meeting at the University of Novi Sad in Voyvodina in Serbia. The beginning of a large scale appreciation of the wonders of the loess in all parts of the Danube basin but particularly in parts where the river is augmented by flows from the Drava, Tisza and Sava and other large tributaries from the Alps and the Carpathians. The Marsigli loess meeting was in Novi Sad. Marsigli is credited with the first recognition and representation of loess in the Danube bank deposits [see blog for. K visited Stari Slankamen one of the classic loess exposures- one day maybe to be the site of the Loess Museum and participated in the celebrations at the great fortress of Petrovaradin -that great bastion of the Austro-Hungarian Empire. K lived in the Voyager Hotel on Strazilovska Street and ate in the Palermo cafe just around the corner.</p><p>Giotto Loess Research Group. The eccentrically named Giotto Loess Research Group came into existence at NTU. Giotto (as far as we know) had nothing to do with loess- the association is a purely NTU phenomenon. During K's time at NTU there were many reconfigurations and renamings of the civil engineering section and many moves of people and plant. NTU was building and rebuilding; the old Art School was built into a new construction in such a way that the external walls became internal divisions and this resulted in K's office being dominated by a large bas-relief of Giotto that great pioneer of Italian Art- so he gave his name to the Loess Group. He looked down on the production of Loess Letter. LL was produced at NTU from LL35 to LL65- thats fifteen years of continuous production.</p><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiseG7JwMe6KSsgNsS4ymWM4njj0UCvjJdNfbHS4eZfhBMTCkO2hC1xd3u7WLT4zslaFxOGnjyb46hhem2s50mXPyaaQow21tz-G5tWzmjtORDMwrGL-zWG9NeVQKZ4fZXf2UHbULMl4MDmtht4hObPaEY3IRd4mmAIqjxH51fsQa_jObBOKcHRki-xyA/s512/venus%20gif.gif" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="512" data-original-width="351" height="341" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiseG7JwMe6KSsgNsS4ymWM4njj0UCvjJdNfbHS4eZfhBMTCkO2hC1xd3u7WLT4zslaFxOGnjyb46hhem2s50mXPyaaQow21tz-G5tWzmjtORDMwrGL-zWG9NeVQKZ4fZXf2UHbULMl4MDmtht4hObPaEY3IRd4mmAIqjxH51fsQa_jObBOKcHRki-xyA/w219-h341/venus%20gif.gif" width="219" /></a></div>Venus in Vienna. The 2008 Annual Meeting of DEUQUA was in Vienna and it included a special section on loess. DEUQUA is the German Quaternary Association- a venerable and respectable organisation. The meeting in Vienna served to celebrate the discovery of the Venus of Willendorf in loess ground on the banks of the Danube in 1908. The DEUQUA dinner(veg options for K) was held in the Naturhistorische Museum where the Venus is displayed. She is only 11cm tall but has a large salon all to herself. She is estimated to be around 25-30 000years old. She is carved from oolite which may have come from the Lake Garda region. She was discovered by Josef Szombathy on August 7 1908 so the DEUQUA meeting celebrated the centenary of her discovery in the Danube loess. The INQUA Loess Group had met in Austria in the previous year at Krems which had become famous in loess folklore because it was at the Rifle Range in Krems that Julius Fink and George Kukla had shown the effectiveness of the Danube loess as a palaeoclimatic indicator '17 interglacials after the Olduvai event' i.e. 17 major climate changes in the last 1.7 million years; evidence for the multi-event Quaternary.<p></p><p>The Second LoessFest. The first LoessFest was held in 1999 at Heidelberg and Bonn. This was to celebrate the naming and definition of Loess by Karl Caesar von Leonhard in 1824. It was a great success; a large international meeting to discuss all aspects of loess. The main driver of the event was Professor Edward Derbyshire and he worked hard to raise funding for as many people as possible to attend. Ten years later there was an echo- a second LoessFest held at the University of Novi Sad in Voyvodina. In 2009 travel to Novi Sad was awkward; bus to Heathrow, then flight to Zurich, flight to Belgrade, drive to Novi Sad. K was accommodated in NS at one of the residences of UNS. This was located beside the River Danube and a modest distance from UNS proper. The journey between residence and university was accomplished by a stroll along the path beside the Danube- a brilliant way to start a day of discussions. The LoessFest in 2009 was quickly followed by the GeoTrends meeting in 2010 and K had a particularly happy meeting. His best moments were spent in discussion with Biljana Basarin talking about Fourier series and Fourier transforms (the K idea of heaven). Biljana was interested in Milankovitch cycles to control climate change in the Quaternary period so she was keen to apply Fourier principles to the cyclic nature of events.</p><p>Birds in Loess. The 2011 Loess meeting was in Poland, at the University of Wroclaw. There was a field trip to the east, into Ukraine, in particular to a quarry at Korshiv (a place that used to be in Poland but is now in Ukraine- quite close to the border). Good exposures of loess in the quarry and a remarkable population of sand martins. The exposed loess banks made ideal nesting territory for the birds and it was noticeable that they chose the best parts of the loess profile to excavate and nest in. To build a nest you need excavateability and shear strength, a compromise is required- which was later named the Heneberg compromise after the pioneer investigator.. The sand martins provided a fine demonstration of the remarkable nature of loess ground, and this suggested the use of birds as a loess 'indicator' ;birds will find loess for exploring geoscientists. Actually it turned out that, as suggested by Zdzislaw Jary, the best bird as a loess indicator was the bee eater, for some time the national bird of Hungary- the great loess inhabitant. <i>Merops apiaster</i>- the European bee eater favours loess as nesting ground and is widespread in Europe. Four papers were produced on the bee-eater/loess interaction and these provided satisfactory indicators of loess-like ground in Africa and Australia. There appears to be no (very little) loess in Australia but the Australian bee eater- the Rainbow Bird- does indicate regions of ground which are very loess-like. The Australian interaction is of particular interest.</p><p><br /></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh_GuVJ9OPREG0Sfcpz7xHf_4LKkpADjh_wV2JJRf_nqnzP8IKjKux899EMWeDfmn5XpsEvdDsgLGO-Qy-fX68D9nlOa4ZpRTK0MRwllIwfZbsHFkJaxTDYV7J_SkxY49Jv8sGM7hDMcCXL2BsE_sOgoAXTSgaVG-721fJDVYE8oIRWV-BCKisE7ZaMVw/s700/gambia_1988_flora_and_fauna_ss2.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="495" data-original-width="700" height="226" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEh_GuVJ9OPREG0Sfcpz7xHf_4LKkpADjh_wV2JJRf_nqnzP8IKjKux899EMWeDfmn5XpsEvdDsgLGO-Qy-fX68D9nlOa4ZpRTK0MRwllIwfZbsHFkJaxTDYV7J_SkxY49Jv8sGM7hDMcCXL2BsE_sOgoAXTSgaVG-721fJDVYE8oIRWV-BCKisE7ZaMVw/s320/gambia_1988_flora_and_fauna_ss2.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><br /><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjFv1HFlj_znwcK8ngoI__HwAQa2Btk1gb7zGbvcKF_FdvCfLHiboPMySIrFxi8bW7_WN_CJ2FeM_xusF11kWRSAoFWJKqUMFnUM9Mgt2xM4uqx49TNE4Ype9M5aD1iDaw8cqtdJyjqrRpVhCjf_fw0Wdo3i56vqFJjLwI3NBcsPyMio74ak93_rBo_WA/s1110/10551547%20Polish%20bee-eaters%20stamps.jpg" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="875" data-original-width="1110" height="252" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjFv1HFlj_znwcK8ngoI__HwAQa2Btk1gb7zGbvcKF_FdvCfLHiboPMySIrFxi8bW7_WN_CJ2FeM_xusF11kWRSAoFWJKqUMFnUM9Mgt2xM4uqx49TNE4Ype9M5aD1iDaw8cqtdJyjqrRpVhCjf_fw0Wdo3i56vqFJjLwI3NBcsPyMio74ak93_rBo_WA/w320-h252/10551547%20Polish%20bee-eaters%20stamps.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><p>Windy Day meetings at Leicester(2012) & Southampton(2013). The'Windy Day' meetings were held every year; an informal discussion of aeolian geomorphology- a chance to talk about sand and loess (see blog for 6 August 2022). The 18th WD meeting was held at Leicester University and K participated. The 19th meeting was held at Southampton University and was a bit unusual in that it was a long way from the usual Midlands milieu. Ken went on the bus, and so did Arya Assadi Langroudi. Arya was going to make his first presentation at a scientific meeting and he was understandably a bit apprehensive. Ken reassured him and offered encouragement and the presentation went well. The K-AAL relationship developed and K was able to offer more support when the PhD was due to be submitted.</p><p>ED@80: at UNS in 2012. K back in the UNS residence; more walking along the Danube path, more conferences with Biljana, more exciting discussions of Fourier series and their consequences. Ed Derbyshire to UNS to celebrate his contribution to Loess world. An exciting excursion to the south-east towards Belgrade, to the Roman settlement of Viminacium and a Roman dinner complete with wine in amphorae. This was a very impressive celebration for Professor Derbyshire and led to the publication of two notable volumes of loess papers (in Catena and Quaternary International). Viminacium was largely exposed because of associated mining for near surface coal- which also exposed some remarkable mammoth remains- visited and admired. It was at this ED@80 meeting that Randall Schaetzl of Michigan St University proposed that Loess Letter be totally published online- he undertook to publish the entire LL oeuvre, which amounted to 70 issues from his base at East Lansing.</p><p>GeoTrends 2 at Wroclaw (2017). The last of the Central European adventures. K stayed at the Figa Hostel in Cybulskiego Street; Tom Hose was there and they had long conversations on most arcane topics but mostly on putting down plank floors in attic rooms. The meeting included a very impressive field trip to the south-western part of the country, into the Sudetic Geopark. Landscape models were admired.</p><p><br /></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEikpeDwe4Zg_I1PvI6_GduzB_Yl4J0Ow-JUHO3J3w5Jpxf5LoonWimr3GsQaxfVqZHhKKhX9jCHuJGNLlS_FwkUEm9891tdHTg1x2gIupgN0RzxsG8XdIvSLDIqESGqd2UoqmmA1C_pYHAWdmpHmVn_Bps4Ee43YmHXTrDxDo2t8MkUxNc6EfSX2vKFww/s797/Sudetic%20Geosci.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="797" data-original-width="538" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEikpeDwe4Zg_I1PvI6_GduzB_Yl4J0Ow-JUHO3J3w5Jpxf5LoonWimr3GsQaxfVqZHhKKhX9jCHuJGNLlS_FwkUEm9891tdHTg1x2gIupgN0RzxsG8XdIvSLDIqESGqd2UoqmmA1C_pYHAWdmpHmVn_Bps4Ee43YmHXTrDxDo2t8MkUxNc6EfSX2vKFww/w432-h640/Sudetic%20Geosci.jpg" width="432" /></a></div><br /> The travellers stayed at the Hotel Sonata in Duszniki Zdroj in the Klodzko valley, very near to the Czech border- a very impressive hotel. The very final excursion was a voyage through a forest near Dobra (near Wroclaw) essentially to gather mushrooms (great care being taken to avoid collecting the rare and protected species) for dinner at the house of Zszislaw Jary- and a farewell to Poland.<div><br /><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjUalMW-OtW80653zWnmVw5w5HRcGZL9PZ7mU42kuUeHseX9mjAjPM7uicIYGpEd0ZxzuusoWPeZMOY7OVSO--9xy3IDF_Vpg4OJAeWJ4Ce-Uf4cUJaa_Nc1_dZmep9N8QgiCJ_ASG_Hkwt4VXc_qzSyRJGT_HINTCNBF7ngt11uWn53DiiCOEahTIaMQ/s2592/Figa%20hostel.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1944" data-original-width="2592" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjUalMW-OtW80653zWnmVw5w5HRcGZL9PZ7mU42kuUeHseX9mjAjPM7uicIYGpEd0ZxzuusoWPeZMOY7OVSO--9xy3IDF_Vpg4OJAeWJ4Ce-Uf4cUJaa_Nc1_dZmep9N8QgiCJ_ASG_Hkwt4VXc_qzSyRJGT_HINTCNBF7ngt11uWn53DiiCOEahTIaMQ/s320/Figa%20hostel.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><br /><p>Finale 2018. K drove down to Northampton for the 25th Windy Day meeting- his last scientific excursion. He took Ian Smalley and a Chinese visitor. They all admired the new Northampton campus and were very careful to return their identification devices. Ken was still writing occasional poetry and it seems fitting to end this appreciation with a few simple lines of K verse:</p><p>For the time I will reside/ In a universe in dimension five / In my immortal soul of light I am alive/ Awaiting in what new life I will survive/ So when I am gone be happy for me [KOHD]</p></div>Ian Smalleyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10715518067515369104noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6275442480756740675.post-54738478106336403812022-09-13T04:54:00.006-07:002022-09-17T07:31:52.609-07:00Ecosystem services provided by bee-eater birds in loess deposits<p> Wenny D G, DeVault T L, Johnson M D, Kelly D, Sekercioglu, Tamback D F, Whelan C J. 2011 Perspectives in ornithology: the need to quantify ecosystem services provided by birds. Auk 128, 1-14</p><p>Whelan, C.J., Wenny, D.G., Marquis, R.J. 2008. Ecosystem services provided by birds. Annals New York Academy of Sciences 1134, 25-60.</p><p>Nesting spaces provided by bee-eaters to : </p><p>Rock sparrow; House sparrow; Spanish sparrow; Tree sparrow; Sand martin; Little owl; European roller; Pied wagtail; Ethiopian starling; Hoopoe; African pied starling; African hoopoe. </p><p>Casas Criville A, Valera F. 2005. The European bee-eater (Merops apiaster) as an ecosystem engineer in arid environments. Journal of Arid Environments 60, 227-238.</p><p><br /></p><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjrh0vAGmaJNta1L2vpvbu2YFSQXYpLDElOC3-Oz_wyX3q50InICUDMm6BKY56EkVAb6vpZ7Ql0N5D3IT_tzSS36s5pyC7yMisI2sgFAX2-JBCMFmHVuvflp-5k8JRtRhAHKY8tNjidaiUdK97gYIcof3CDK0a8yaqDO2duXtmJ1I3GjuhAetS_rYkOAg/s800/2%20bee-eaters%20on%20loess.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="533" data-original-width="800" height="213" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjrh0vAGmaJNta1L2vpvbu2YFSQXYpLDElOC3-Oz_wyX3q50InICUDMm6BKY56EkVAb6vpZ7Ql0N5D3IT_tzSS36s5pyC7yMisI2sgFAX2-JBCMFmHVuvflp-5k8JRtRhAHKY8tNjidaiUdK97gYIcof3CDK0a8yaqDO2duXtmJ1I3GjuhAetS_rYkOAg/s320/2%20bee-eaters%20on%20loess.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><br /><br /><p></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p><br /></p><p>Smitha B, Thakar J, Watve M. 1999. Do bee-eaters have a theory of mind? Current Science 76, 574-577</p><p>Purger, J.J. 2001. Numbers and breeding distribution of the Bee-eater (Merops apiaster) in province Voivodina (northern Serbia) between 1997 and 1990. Vogelwelt 122, 279-282.</p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhf7cbmrrwaBsvo3QsWDaSTyyVoh_SnNQvfvl-90dvQ6FOQEUPY86sejwfx9AkGniuOrYHBQaxSJg9HYNE7fjrHkm1w_bG6foMNnNLP7CJuLO-s7XttwZRG60KOMbFKlWCeePFG532QJg5LQI29RPkzYt483DXoKSCyfDSFJDYfuzDI1Kc5fK2AjQYMvg/s1110/10551547%20Polish%20bee-eaters%20stamps.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="875" data-original-width="1110" height="504" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhf7cbmrrwaBsvo3QsWDaSTyyVoh_SnNQvfvl-90dvQ6FOQEUPY86sejwfx9AkGniuOrYHBQaxSJg9HYNE7fjrHkm1w_bG6foMNnNLP7CJuLO-s7XttwZRG60KOMbFKlWCeePFG532QJg5LQI29RPkzYt483DXoKSCyfDSFJDYfuzDI1Kc5fK2AjQYMvg/w640-h504/10551547%20Polish%20bee-eaters%20stamps.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><br /><p><br /></p>Ian Smalleyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10715518067515369104noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6275442480756740675.post-79236356741594558742022-09-10T05:15:00.003-07:002022-09-12T06:42:29.377-07:00The Languages of Loess<p> Look out for generalizations- mostly kept under control but occasionally escaping and behaving irresponsibly. Loess is a Chinese phenomenon- found all over the world but at its biggest and thickest and most impressive in China. Loess is a critical part of the Chinese landscape and the first writing about Loess must have been in Chinese. As Chinese is promoted as a World language perhaps more of these early writings will become accessible and available. A digression already- this is the age of the Chinese language; all made possible by the coalscence of the language and advanced computer technology- read 'Kingdom of Characters' by Jing Tsu, published by Penguin in 2019.</p><p>"Computers are finally able to process Chinese! Long live square characters." Chen Mingyuan 1980</p><p>The marriage of computer + Chinese language may lead to all sorts of remarkable and marvellous effects and will surely result in increased publication in Chinese, about Loess. But this is for the future. This discussion is essentially historical. Scientific writing about Loess was initially a European affair.</p><p><br /></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjlobFp5DVoFw3DBMx83nrmLv52F9DDds6wWq6lnCIhIa6kjMiUJWqbkjQBOqMWDUJcVyGGDrSmT2mzWYHpCcS1hTNa8fvB9zrG35NaSzwjVYM2Zrkd9flyO_s_NVp4Svt-iUEMQmqNVt0-CBfT9F5Geok-XDHZ367y4MQxJioM_2gHvYc6z35PNo2EgQ/s747/LTS%20display.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="747" data-original-width="722" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjlobFp5DVoFw3DBMx83nrmLv52F9DDds6wWq6lnCIhIa6kjMiUJWqbkjQBOqMWDUJcVyGGDrSmT2mzWYHpCcS1hTNa8fvB9zrG35NaSzwjVYM2Zrkd9flyO_s_NVp4Svt-iUEMQmqNVt0-CBfT9F5Geok-XDHZ367y4MQxJioM_2gHvYc6z35PNo2EgQ/w618-h640/LTS%20display.jpg" width="618" /></a></div><div><br /></div>Ding Hong, Li Yanrong, Yang Yang, Jia Xia 2019. Origin and evolution of modern loess science 1824-1964. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences 170, 45-55.<div><br /></div><div>Zhang Y, Guan L, Liu Q. 2018. Liu Tung sheng: a geologist from a traditional Chinese cultural Background who beame an international star of science. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences 155, 8-20.</div><div><br /></div><div>Russian</div><div><br /><p>Rogers CDF Dijksra TA Smalley IJ 1994 Hydroconsolidation and subsidence of loess: studies from China, Russia, North America and Europe- in memory of Jan Sajgalik. Engineering Geology 37, 83-113</p><p>Why this EG reference; what is the relevance of hydroconsolidation? It has been claimed that this is the first paper to give some consideration to the five loess languages: Chinese, English, German, French, Russian- the five languages in which most papers on loess are/were published. Loess soil structure collapse is a problem on all continents- a practical problem considered in all local languages- and all international languages. Andre Dodonov once remarked that 90% of loess research in the Soviet Union was devoted to the study of collapse and subsidence- which is not really a surprise when one considers the coincidence of population and collapsing loess ground in the east of the country. Much loess research was published in Russian- collapse studies reviewed in Rogers et al (1994). There were always transmission and translation problems- right to the end of Soviet times the term 'collapsibility' caused problems and much Russian work was not appreciated because of this single problem.</p><p>Kriger probably remains the key person in Russian loess bibliography. Nicolai Ivanovich Kriger- a much published but little appreciated star of the literature in Russian. Actually having stated that it must be noted that Marton Pecsi, during his years as President of the INQUA Loess Commission, did work closely with Kriger, and their joint efforts served to promote interest in Loess in Russian.</p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjVm3uw7IBSxmVvnKAKkThWTPynjIRu-2uCzVTR5fPix-xHw4VMZOaUigvSWMPoMXKpaCCSgRW0ICUFlscemGRDYZE7SyW9197LEsw5C5Pt6Inq0HFp8YOqD5kWfr32XJa5vuhA3FTjZb0PjKD398hUZZZX9S7kK6IizpAXGOD_4L1Z_L1QqiajJdkLkw/s774/kriger%20improved.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="774" data-original-width="654" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjVm3uw7IBSxmVvnKAKkThWTPynjIRu-2uCzVTR5fPix-xHw4VMZOaUigvSWMPoMXKpaCCSgRW0ICUFlscemGRDYZE7SyW9197LEsw5C5Pt6Inq0HFp8YOqD5kWfr32XJa5vuhA3FTjZb0PjKD398hUZZZX9S7kK6IizpAXGOD_4L1Z_L1QqiajJdkLkw/s320/kriger%20improved.jpg" width="270" /></a></div><br /><p>N.I.Kriger (photo taken at the time of the IGC in Moscow in 1982 (by IS). It appears to be the only photograph of Kriger extant, various searches have not revealed another; also it would be useful to know his dates and something of his history. From the bibliographical point of view the most useful Kriger work is Kriger 1965 the book he produced for INQUA at Boulder USA in 1965.</p><p><br /></p><p>Kriger, N.I. 1965. Loess- its characteristics and relation to the geographical environment. pub. Izd-vo Moscow 296p. (in Russian). Only 1350 copies of this invaluable work were printed and they are extremely scarce. It is a particularly useful book because of its bibliographical content. There must be other relatively large scale studies of Russian loess (loess in Russian) but none appears to rival the Kriger volume. Sections of Kriger 1965 were reprinted in Loess Letter Supplements but these were not widely circulated and are probably as rare as the original. </p><p><br /></p><p>German</p><p>The Rhine Valley; for a long time for the OED the home of loess. The first European writings on loess were in German</p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgAfks0Lpi5y6b8SkaVTRc5ekZywM8YfhA6EfFJ6tDkh-anbAA9cJNly4F2GgKLoIBYSmnwgWFCOUuyFXvh9IsGIXxD0ESnnyXc1x6oXoSWBVPyD1n6LH6gqiIZjqMmOBTRB_O5JENunpjVUMpHu0GUXoQCjdx5mgeiQzuB9vc_qqm1cYIcacHhK_OIpA/s596/CdF3%20title%20page.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="596" data-original-width="427" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgAfks0Lpi5y6b8SkaVTRc5ekZywM8YfhA6EfFJ6tDkh-anbAA9cJNly4F2GgKLoIBYSmnwgWFCOUuyFXvh9IsGIXxD0ESnnyXc1x6oXoSWBVPyD1n6LH6gqiIZjqMmOBTRB_O5JENunpjVUMpHu0GUXoQCjdx5mgeiQzuB9vc_qqm1cYIcacHhK_OIpA/w458-h640/CdF3%20title%20page.jpg" width="458" /></a></div><br /><p><br /></p></div>Ian Smalleyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10715518067515369104noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6275442480756740675.post-80883564526691400522022-08-29T05:14:00.001-07:002022-08-29T05:14:44.990-07:00Slobodan Markovic goes to LoessFest 1999<p> In 1824 Karl Caesar von Leonhard defined Loess in volume 3 of his great work : Charakterstik der Felsarten. That was a beginning for loess studies. 1999 was just about the 175th anniversary of that remarkable loessic event and a conference was held to mark the occasion. It was held in Heidelberg and Bonn and was the largest and most ambitious Loess conference ever attempted. It was organised by Edward Derbyshire, Ian Smalley & Ludwig Zoeller.</p><p>ED made enormous efforts to raise funding so that distant scholars could attend, and as a result there were loessic contributions from far and wide; it was a truly international meeting and the conference part, in Bonn, was beautifully housed and organised. IS was secretary of the INQUA Loess Commision at that time and had access to a small amount of INQUA funding. ED suggested that this funding should support an applicant from Serbia who deserved some assistance- so INQUA support was provided. This applicant was of course Slobodan. Many years later ED was heard to observe that ' never had INQUA funds been better deployed' it might be claimed that loess scholarship took a great step forward (or similar extravagant claims may be made). SM participated in the 1999 INQUA LoessFest; it was a memorable occasion..</p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEje4zSzmLSPixor7WXVXPrCtqwuHPfkptonpg_2DiT5XBq62syPBJzyWMuEAXesL_ubrJ_ejPmpTGI_pLUdxiX7TO8K_2pnjLrIsiINYKbHvE4CfnKffszxuIRWJegcjIjMe2t20lv9rO_RdeLe0qHwTwlIYAvwypWhffcCB2XX2lvYw3gOidrhBcM_hg/s364/slobodan%20rugby.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="364" data-original-width="226" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEje4zSzmLSPixor7WXVXPrCtqwuHPfkptonpg_2DiT5XBq62syPBJzyWMuEAXesL_ubrJ_ejPmpTGI_pLUdxiX7TO8K_2pnjLrIsiINYKbHvE4CfnKffszxuIRWJegcjIjMe2t20lv9rO_RdeLe0qHwTwlIYAvwypWhffcCB2XX2lvYw3gOidrhBcM_hg/s320/slobodan%20rugby.jpg" width="199" /></a></div><br /> <p></p>Ian Smalleyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10715518067515369104noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6275442480756740675.post-32405415264230555852022-08-06T02:59:00.009-07:002022-10-17T03:19:45.342-07:00Windy Day: a once a year discussion of things aeolian; Loess & Dust & Sand Dunes etc<p> Once every year (more or less) the Windy Day meeting is held- usually at a university in Middle England. The topics discussed relate to aeolian sediments and aeolian geomorphology. Its a one day meeting and very informal. Here is some history in the form of a list of meetings:</p><p>1. 1993 Friday 7th May University of Oxford</p><p>2. 1994 May University College London</p><p>3. 1995 Thursday 11th May University of Sheffield</p><p>4. 1996 Wednesday 8th May Nene College, Northampton</p><p>5. 1997 Wednesday 2nd April Nottingham Trent University</p><p>6. 1998 Thursday 14th May Queen Mary, University of London</p><p>7. 1999 Wednesday 23rd June Cheltenham & Gloucester College</p><p>8. 2000 Tuesday 30th May Anglia Polytechnic University</p><p>9. 2001 Tuesday 29th May University of Luton</p><p>10. 2002 Monday 27th May University of Oxford</p><p>11. 2003 Wednesday 14th May University College Northmapton</p><p>12. 2005 Wednesday 2nd February Geological Society, London </p><p>13. 2007 Wednesday 24th October University of Northampton</p><p>14. 2008 Friday 24th October Kings College London</p><p>15. 2009 Friday 23rd October Loughborough University</p><p>16. 2010 Monday 18th October Royal Geographical Society, London</p><p>17. 2011 Wednesday 19th October University of Sheffield</p><p>18. 2012 Wednesday 17th October University of Leicester</p><p>19. 2013 Wednesday 23rd October University of Southampton</p><p>20. 2014 Wednesday 8th October University of Oxford</p><p>21. 2015 Wednesday 21st October University of Reading</p><p>22. 2016 Wednesday 26th October Loughborough University</p><p>23. 2017 Wednesday 1st November University of Manchester</p><p>24. 2018 Wednesday 7th November University College London</p><p>25. 2019 Wednesday 30th October University of Northampton</p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj5TgisRgrGfSszTWX1w-kyXN_qFvhsXaOjt4XLr6eI6L5zq2-IsGw30WPHEtIQTMwJKkepFssVK2qxMrVRqTlSVjG6QCw8hRcv_FLBAqIktOz__a-CddRcOn6LNae0xDwh0aNNnLBcAYRH3ig-kQCaRatqNPw5AccAdHed7jxsEuNO_Th0t7i81217BA/s1186/windy%20day%202019.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: right; float: right; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="659" data-original-width="1186" height="178" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj5TgisRgrGfSszTWX1w-kyXN_qFvhsXaOjt4XLr6eI6L5zq2-IsGw30WPHEtIQTMwJKkepFssVK2qxMrVRqTlSVjG6QCw8hRcv_FLBAqIktOz__a-CddRcOn6LNae0xDwh0aNNnLBcAYRH3ig-kQCaRatqNPw5AccAdHed7jxsEuNO_Th0t7i81217BA/w320-h178/windy%20day%202019.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><br /><p><br /></p><p>26. 2022 Friday 17th June Loughborough University</p><p><br /></p><p>4 meetings at Northampton, 3 at Loughborough and Oxford, 2 at UCL and Sheffield. Delegates were able to observe the evolution of Nene College as it became University College Northampton and then the University of Northampton. The Luton meeting took place just before Luton University disappeared. WD just survived the Covid 19 pandemic; its future is under consideration.. there will be a meeting in 2023: Friday 19th May 2023 at the School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford.</p><p><br /></p><p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi0_s6YwofL2sz6zPUClXu0UlwhbFm5qo9T2yH6g4Ga7vSEmGPFseetLdmDvMbmfnWy9VBcLXLnaJ0SgeBAast7ZjwpyUtKozOvTmNsqCqypaxZynd0CspDPVrR3OLZ5jph_iVsPE8pRiqqSeImEP-zn9izoEC2BqVWay-vRkJTwmYJFOunHPgmKtvivA/s749/Pegwell%20Bay%20Dyce%20watercolour.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="525" data-original-width="749" height="224" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi0_s6YwofL2sz6zPUClXu0UlwhbFm5qo9T2yH6g4Ga7vSEmGPFseetLdmDvMbmfnWy9VBcLXLnaJ0SgeBAast7ZjwpyUtKozOvTmNsqCqypaxZynd0CspDPVrR3OLZ5jph_iVsPE8pRiqqSeImEP-zn9izoEC2BqVWay-vRkJTwmYJFOunHPgmKtvivA/s320/Pegwell%20Bay%20Dyce%20watercolour.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><br /> <p></p>Ian Smalleyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10715518067515369104noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6275442480756740675.post-49926833474706283672022-07-18T05:31:00.000-07:002022-07-18T05:31:16.391-07:00Thermogravimetric Analysis of Essex Loess<p> A new review shows the extent and nature of the UK and Irish loess; this note is designed to complement that excellent compiliation- it concerns the loess in south east Essex</p><p>C.Bunce, T.Stevens, I.Smalley, A.Assadi-Langroudi 2022 Loess in Britain and Ireland; formation, modification and environmentsl significance, a review in memory of John Catt 1937-2017. Proceedings of the Geologists Association</p><p><br /></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgJzzxRvbOJWBYQ6jr8Z7VFMdQzkU05dlnXfnxIVr2nLlUtD19pNBZ3XpvFNBTF3tjUlHMk5gTB9i9FUVbwyRSOZXIJljN-MdZhMF0PcgHS3-fPvHb9YTxPohTlLZeXlOZfY06IfnQvPaUFJMKTgXz1tR6H2Ggga8MAcnhRlul0OJzWgraVNjVFP10gfQ/s942/essex%20brickearth.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="654" data-original-width="942" height="444" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgJzzxRvbOJWBYQ6jr8Z7VFMdQzkU05dlnXfnxIVr2nLlUtD19pNBZ3XpvFNBTF3tjUlHMk5gTB9i9FUVbwyRSOZXIJljN-MdZhMF0PcgHS3-fPvHb9YTxPohTlLZeXlOZfY06IfnQvPaUFJMKTgXz1tR6H2Ggga8MAcnhRlul0OJzWgraVNjVFP10gfQ/w640-h444/essex%20brickearth.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiYodI056s9wnQiGCjmDSo3AUGhSxrMltoC-eAeUa4PY59Op0L55acE8IprEGYSNw0LHrCaZFyD0pUQA6OK--_QeXUQ95v85yHSTlOEpGWkWlvyHFsJqs8YkQ85m6-L3DQJ2uPLHeBGUF7w2-_TMNl4jIdMoEYbgDO-Fu_KO0JnxkygrrEZHUzlBGGlYQ/s348/essex.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="297" data-original-width="348" height="546" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiYodI056s9wnQiGCjmDSo3AUGhSxrMltoC-eAeUa4PY59Op0L55acE8IprEGYSNw0LHrCaZFyD0pUQA6OK--_QeXUQ95v85yHSTlOEpGWkWlvyHFsJqs8YkQ85m6-L3DQJ2uPLHeBGUF7w2-_TMNl4jIdMoEYbgDO-Fu_KO0JnxkygrrEZHUzlBGGlYQ/w640-h546/essex.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><br /><p>The loess is concentrated in the south-east of the county, near to Southend on Sea. The Greater Essex Mineral Resource map shows the location with reasonable precision.</p><p><br /></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgzJcgkvKdDuTp_19ZrkmWVUTDvusHkxt8pmSWjdEBYGNit8_iRG3f15HW2mOZDNzYsdusBsCOt5L5XoIpGTq2Qlb_YTEnoqHbL6skexhK-tR1JShiYV-eHCroQVT86ojj97eFsUTjk0Wjkj-btsmVjKk725gWm-QRyPDD_C_L-2HC5dgbcD3nlPEcGTQ/s592/Star%20Lane%20DTG%234.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="592" data-original-width="495" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgzJcgkvKdDuTp_19ZrkmWVUTDvusHkxt8pmSWjdEBYGNit8_iRG3f15HW2mOZDNzYsdusBsCOt5L5XoIpGTq2Qlb_YTEnoqHbL6skexhK-tR1JShiYV-eHCroQVT86ojj97eFsUTjk0Wjkj-btsmVjKk725gWm-QRyPDD_C_L-2HC5dgbcD3nlPEcGTQ/w536-h640/Star%20Lane%20DTG%234.jpg" width="536" /></a></div><br /><p>Grenville Lill managed to obtain brickearth samples from the Star Lane and Cherry Orchard Lane brickworks. These were possibly the last two brickearth producers in Essex. As far as we know the only substantial TG analysis on London Brickearth was carried out on these samples.</p>Ian Smalleyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10715518067515369104noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6275442480756740675.post-41758202722324141632022-07-11T02:59:00.002-07:002022-07-11T05:38:25.190-07:00LL65: Notes for a History of INQUA<p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi_SXPb_VdlHMUq-2vLZJaQMAoSMkc0uSsRJ0sTw6eODC9PRr9hgcPRwONmyzLHQb9z8hD2_IzLSYPZ7wZyIS1nHxXJvjIdCBsNLcPE2jJ71UjEUE7QO1ousifVxRYab9UgaZxjvzlQTsukAvgiTqUxHc86_hOWbGXE3d62icrS3QQZOs8PvWgpL4MBLQ/s347/13%20INQUA%20logo.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="232" data-original-width="347" height="428" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi_SXPb_VdlHMUq-2vLZJaQMAoSMkc0uSsRJ0sTw6eODC9PRr9hgcPRwONmyzLHQb9z8hD2_IzLSYPZ7wZyIS1nHxXJvjIdCBsNLcPE2jJ71UjEUE7QO1ousifVxRYab9UgaZxjvzlQTsukAvgiTqUxHc86_hOWbGXE3d62icrS3QQZOs8PvWgpL4MBLQ/w640-h428/13%20INQUA%20logo.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><br /> The history of INQUA which was presented in LL65 (April 2011) can be accessed in two places: on the official INQUA website- the LL history has become the official history- go to www.inqua.org>about>history, nicely laid out but lacking pictures. If you want the pictures of the logos etc go to the Michigan State University presentation of the whole collection of LL and call up LL65: loessletter.msu.edu. If you have access to an original hardcopy of LL65 preserve it- no doubt it will become a bibliographical treasure.<p></p>Ian Smalleyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10715518067515369104noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6275442480756740675.post-58925009273719756392022-07-01T02:46:00.003-07:002022-07-07T03:48:51.066-07:00The P.D.Tilley map of the loess in southeast England<p> Colin Bunce has produced a new version of the map which P.D.Tilley presented at the 1961 INQUA meeting in Poland. Tilley participated in the Loess Symposium organised by Julius Fink. The new map supplements the new paper on the loess in Britain and Ireland by Bunce et al (2022). in Proc.Geol.Assoc- available online- should appear in hard copy in the October issue of PGA.</p><p><br /></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi9cRF5Et40bmN8T4W0TqAaVGGsDdunJ2tZv5notssIg3waWHQpBXbckabi4ityrPXr6nvJhHxjqYCBm7MOt1jXR1Eo6M1AQYvSvKVxIkVE61sRgrNVYOkZk4pFgh_DEk8JaelXkdFtgb9gfGQCT8PAX9p6KFHa9luaHPz_W0pKzRJtBMDmb5caBnihUg/s1668/Tilley%20map%20kent.jpeg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1021" data-original-width="1668" height="392" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi9cRF5Et40bmN8T4W0TqAaVGGsDdunJ2tZv5notssIg3waWHQpBXbckabi4ityrPXr6nvJhHxjqYCBm7MOt1jXR1Eo6M1AQYvSvKVxIkVE61sRgrNVYOkZk4pFgh_DEk8JaelXkdFtgb9gfGQCT8PAX9p6KFHa9luaHPz_W0pKzRJtBMDmb5caBnihUg/w640-h392/Tilley%20map%20kent.jpeg" width="640" /></a></div><br /><p></p>Ian Smalleyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10715518067515369104noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6275442480756740675.post-27936183156647910452022-03-03T04:02:00.001-08:002022-03-03T05:10:26.325-08:00Ian Lindsay Freeman b.1927<p> Ian Lindsay Freeman, b.1927, probably in Dundee; joined the Building Research Station in Garston, Watford in 1962; retired in 1980s.</p><p><br /></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjZXws8Fp-K7T9vTxRDkrofmAH7CJKEEHKb6ZeW7e5ZzyVPDAMHBm-mVGqFF3CcwrOPTPguIHcrACEkuhX6I9CMWwB0CNTd9-4T3BWK_AcLGKrF41O8Lo47UNKjGEHpg7ulFMJpIej8Fgv7TYKUrgiJ8sHsXWpEitcGLCaxeyUmVAIMbkr7ezah2bNQnA=s691" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="691" data-original-width="314" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEjZXws8Fp-K7T9vTxRDkrofmAH7CJKEEHKb6ZeW7e5ZzyVPDAMHBm-mVGqFF3CcwrOPTPguIHcrACEkuhX6I9CMWwB0CNTd9-4T3BWK_AcLGKrF41O8Lo47UNKjGEHpg7ulFMJpIej8Fgv7TYKUrgiJ8sHsXWpEitcGLCaxeyUmVAIMbkr7ezah2bNQnA=w181-h400" width="181" /></a></div> This is the hypothesis: That the ILF paper on the mineralogy of ten British brick clays, published in the Clay Minerals Bulletin in 1964, is the best available listing of the mineralogy of British brick making materials. No other readily available source of mineralogical data is apparent. ILF sample 63AH gives an analysis of a London Stock Brick mixture- one of the very few to give any information on this important source of bricks; bricks made from the loess of south-east England.<p></p><p>The interest in the work of ILF arises because of the connection to the 'Loess in Britain' project. Acknowledgements for assistance go to: Dave Morgan, the Mineralogical Society, Monica Smalley. Picture from the BRE publication <i>Building Magazine</i> 11 June 1971 pp.69-70</p><p>I.L.Freeman 1964. Mineralogy of ten British brick clays. Clay Minerals Bulletin 5, 474-486. </p><p>I.J.Smalley 2021. London Stock Bricks: from Great Fire to Great Exhibition. British Brick Society Information 147, 26-34</p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgQaxbAojxPgqUDhySRUGFWyaN9ZlUwLEBqoKi2CrYdJ2HnZtIeW20CCsEq2eSSGr03xnRzkRfv0GNg1IwZzUoVewWX2_U6bMERJV9kTalYtMojAqSwReiYDHENJQXi_gRrqyzyJ7DFFAwW2ST2hv0utH0ue4FdqEgRX94_NSDW-ySFJaFXROc0rgg1NA=s1000" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="614" data-original-width="1000" height="392" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEgQaxbAojxPgqUDhySRUGFWyaN9ZlUwLEBqoKi2CrYdJ2HnZtIeW20CCsEq2eSSGr03xnRzkRfv0GNg1IwZzUoVewWX2_U6bMERJV9kTalYtMojAqSwReiYDHENJQXi_gRrqyzyJ7DFFAwW2ST2hv0utH0ue4FdqEgRX94_NSDW-ySFJaFXROc0rgg1NA=w640-h392" width="640" /></a></div><br /><p><br /></p>Ian Smalleyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10715518067515369104noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6275442480756740675.post-82436967832440415352021-11-02T04:24:00.005-07:002022-08-01T05:36:48.141-07:00John Hardcastle in England<div>In the late 1880s John Hardcastle invented loess stratigraphy and initiated the study of scientific palaeoclimatology. He did this in Timaru, in South Canterbury, in the South Island of New Zealand. Harcastle was in his thirties when he made his critical observations on the loess deposits of the Dashing Rock section on the coast at Timaru; he is seen as a New Zealander, making his discoveries in New Zealand, but he was born in, and spent a few years living in, England.</div><div><br /></div><div>1858: the ship <i>Maori</i> leaves Gravesend, in Kent, and travels to Lyttelton in the South Island of New Zealand. The <i>Maori</i> sailed on 23 March 1858 and arrived in NZ on 14 July 1858. On board were the Hardcastle family:</div><div>Thomas Hardcastle, aged 40, labourer and mechanic; his wife Caroline 33, and children John 10, Thomas, Elizabeth, Cresser, Caroline, Edward and Charles.</div><div>It was an assisted passage, the family received some financial support from an immigration promoting association.<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhupIUeXKWdiwihBB55CMcEONiOGK8Az_dyLOTR7jL1HtMCsbRNHlMVBG6d-XBLR5Mrc6JnZCAnUkgbHOIrPjMpRfdhm-k7L0PmySKaRcUSE7LCapjzakhL8eAgmj2w6DaSHbhpSdKs1vJIeHOBvUCLbP6XoHHyfSAWMQXOlWmAOFpIR_N_cj3nfyh7Pw/s1280/maori%20travel.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1024" data-original-width="1280" height="512" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhupIUeXKWdiwihBB55CMcEONiOGK8Az_dyLOTR7jL1HtMCsbRNHlMVBG6d-XBLR5Mrc6JnZCAnUkgbHOIrPjMpRfdhm-k7L0PmySKaRcUSE7LCapjzakhL8eAgmj2w6DaSHbhpSdKs1vJIeHOBvUCLbP6XoHHyfSAWMQXOlWmAOFpIR_N_cj3nfyh7Pw/w640-h512/maori%20travel.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div>1851: there should be some trace of JH in the 1851 census. This requires more searching. There is an entry for John Hardcastle b. about 1847 in Heath, Yorkshire and listed as living at Allington in Nottinghamshire in 1851. JH would be the only child to be listed by the UK census; he was captured by the 1851 census; by the time of the next (1861) census the family were living in NZ.</div><div><br /></div><div>1846: birth certificate. JH may have been born on 1 Sept.1846 at Beverley in East Riding of Yorkshire. That would make him 10 when he left on the <i>Maori</i>- which agrees with the data on the passenger list. A dating problem; some other sources give 21 January 1847 as birth date, and the birth location as Heath, Wakefield, Yorkshire, England. JHs parents- Thomas and Caroline were married in Beverley in June 1846. Timaru District Council lists his birthdate as 21 January 1847; the marriage date probably makes the January date more likely.</div><div><br /></div><div>Three documents to start the search for the junior John Hardcastle. Travelling with John on the Maori was his younger brother Cresser. Now Cresser could be a person of interest due to his very unusual name; Cresser is a good marker- and where Cresser is John should be also. And why Cresser? the Hardcastle male names are straightforward names like Thomas, John, Edward and Charles- where did Cresser come from? The mother of JH and Cresser was Caroline, and her maiden name was Hebb. Another distinctive name which may help in the great search for details of JH in UK.</div><div>Some details: Cresser Hardcastle b.Newark?, Lincolnshire, England in 1852; d. Timaru 1928</div><div><br /></div><div>Important book: The Roots of the Hardcastles; an Old Yorkshire Family, by Michael Ronald Hardcastle. [TROTH] The chapter about the Hardcastles moving to Australia and New Zealand- particularly useful. The emigration list in TROTH omits Thomas- this was presumably a simple typo.</div><div><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhAeedNSPFlyrBIh5ykXcpmMB2eJIoj68XMq1Gg5adIfHmE2FLof5--2FsmU5BHJgF8Xq9JTCsBQol4eAygcMZpEPL54gJKRd9n0YFR5IofM-qij3iNo6PJckVhHZIvnAEGS1_E2k6AZMlp3L_Ko6D3z70kEgP_XFA9N8zWISL5tcv6Lzi_YR9t67s39A/s845/canterbury.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="845" data-original-width="601" height="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhAeedNSPFlyrBIh5ykXcpmMB2eJIoj68XMq1Gg5adIfHmE2FLof5--2FsmU5BHJgF8Xq9JTCsBQol4eAygcMZpEPL54gJKRd9n0YFR5IofM-qij3iNo6PJckVhHZIvnAEGS1_E2k6AZMlp3L_Ko6D3z70kEgP_XFA9N8zWISL5tcv6Lzi_YR9t67s39A/w456-h640/canterbury.jpg" width="456" /></a></div><br /><div><br /></div>Ian Smalleyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10715518067515369104noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6275442480756740675.post-53823961474385818882021-08-23T02:48:00.021-07:002022-11-09T03:15:41.505-08:00Travels in a Golden Age 2006-2020: From the Marsigli loess conference at Novi Sad in 2006 to the onset of the Covid-19 pandemic. Recent history. A tribute to KOHD<p> Its an arbitrary Golden Age- a Golden Age of Loess Scholarship and Loess Investigation. A very subjective view of developments in East-Central Europe and the Danubian Region and a record of events offered as Recent History. Following James Boswell and not letting important events slide unrecorded into obscurity. Its a developmental blog and will appear in bits and pieces [please feel free to add any observations or comments or thoughts or musings].</p><p><br /></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-tESwOyT3beM/YS35wmaE6qI/AAAAAAAACCY/Lj_FvHuNrFMgfqhN9Fm1vUlkwVSIr0pNgCLcBGAsYHQ/s802/tagcloud%2BLLO.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="348" data-original-width="802" height="139" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-tESwOyT3beM/YS35wmaE6qI/AAAAAAAACCY/Lj_FvHuNrFMgfqhN9Fm1vUlkwVSIr0pNgCLcBGAsYHQ/s320/tagcloud%2BLLO.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><br /><p></p><p>After the great LoessFest in 1999 Loess activity slowly accelerated in East-Central Europe and launched into glorious splendour at the Marsigli Loess Conference in Novi Sad in 2006- which was beautifully recorded in Quaternary International no. 198 [a nod here to Norm Catto, editor of QI who was a key contributor to this particular Golden Age]. </p><p>'Loess in the Danube Region and Surrounding Loess Provinces: The Marsigli Memorial Volume'. Editors: Slobodan Markovic, Ian Smalley, Ulrich Hambach & Pierre Antoine. Quaternary International 198, 1 April 2009. </p><p>In outline here is the pattern of the Golden Age:</p><p>2006 Marsigli NS1</p><p>2007 Krems- visit the famous rifle-range; main INQUA at Cairns in Australia</p><p>2008 DEUQUA Wien; special session 'Danube Loess'</p><p>2009 Loess Fest 2 at UNS (NS2). Ten years after the great Heidelberg-Bonn Loess Fest a follow up event at Novi Sad.</p><p>2010 GeoTrends NS3</p><p>2011 Wroclaw Ukraine Birds: INQUA 18 in Bern</p><p>2012 ED80 NS4- celebrations for Edward Derbyshire</p><p><br /></p><p>2013 Leicester Loess</p><p>2014 Kukla LoessFest Wroclaw</p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: right;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-FvNtVrURhMY/YSdizotcwsI/AAAAAAAACCA/6jS8C2Fu-6IvPV-cYCa7ygWEPaVvCigwwCLcBGAsYHQ/s363/george%2Bkukla.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="363" data-original-width="300" height="200" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-FvNtVrURhMY/YSdizotcwsI/AAAAAAAACCA/6jS8C2Fu-6IvPV-cYCa7ygWEPaVvCigwwCLcBGAsYHQ/w165-h200/george%2Bkukla.jpg" width="165" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"></td></tr></tbody></table><br /><p><br /></p><p>2015 INQUA 19 in Japan</p><p>2016 2M Modelling & Mapping NS5</p><p>2017 Wroclaw GeoTrends 2</p><p>2018 NS6 Natural Hazards</p><p>2019 INQUA 20 Dublin</p><p>2020 the plague arrives </p><p>Details will be added in an arbitrary and random fashion [input is needed- this is to be a cooperative history]. To see the Golden Age swelling into being have a look at Google Scholar and examine the publication records of major players- see the great upsurge in creative activity.</p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-4-MsmHccWq8/YSSpSCoaKiI/AAAAAAAACBg/H81Arz1RqJkHmY_bnWmQvGAiFBTCtlrlQCLcBGAsYHQ/s447/sbm%2Bctations.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="253" data-original-width="447" height="226" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-4-MsmHccWq8/YSSpSCoaKiI/AAAAAAAACBg/H81Arz1RqJkHmY_bnWmQvGAiFBTCtlrlQCLcBGAsYHQ/w400-h226/sbm%2Bctations.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-f02AkA7EzOo/YSSpx9S6kKI/AAAAAAAACBo/RG4V2YNljU8BqrzZLyAWAWToNSX1wWZ1ACLcBGAsYHQ/s581/tom%2Bstevens%2Bcit.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="245" data-original-width="581" height="169" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-f02AkA7EzOo/YSSpx9S6kKI/AAAAAAAACBo/RG4V2YNljU8BqrzZLyAWAWToNSX1wWZ1ACLcBGAsYHQ/w400-h169/tom%2Bstevens%2Bcit.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><br /><p>The top one is Slobodan Markovic and the lower one is Tom Stevens; the great peak at 2018 is indicative of the Golden Age; the TS result shows the surge beginning in 2006-our chosen arbitrary start date.</p><p>2006 The Marsigli conference at UNS Novi Sad; a grand beginning- ice breaker 28.09.06. Dinner at the Petrovaradin Fortress 30.09.06. A two day field trip to Titel; reception at Indjija- the town supports the Stari Slankamen loess section which may eventually become a tourist site, a location for the Loessland Museum.</p><p>2009 The 2nd Loess Fest- ten years after the 1st Loess Fest. The 2nd Fest held at UNS in Novi Sad. The special issue of QI was QI 240 The Second LoessFest (2009) ed.by Slobodan Markovic, Norm Catto, Ian Smalley, Ludwig Zoeller. Quaternary International 240 1 Aug.2011. </p><p>2010 A special issue of the Central European Journal of Geosciences 'Climatic and Environmental changes recorded in Loess' v.2, issue 1, 01 March 2010 [later the journal became Open Geosciences] ed. Ian Smalley, Slobodan Markovic, Ludwig Zoeller, Janos Kovacs. Papers reprinted in Loess Letter 63, 64 (www.loessletter.msu.edu) . "..it derives from the festival of loess, the 'LoessFest' held at UNS in Vojvodina in Aug/Sept 2009".</p><p>2011 Loess Seminar in Wroclaw. The associated QI issue was QI 296: Closing the Gap- North Carpathian Loess traverse in the Eurasian loess belt: 6th Loess Seminar Wroclaw Poland: dedicated to Prof.Henryk Maruszczak. "Between the mountains and the ice". Quaternary International 296 16 May 2013 ed.by Zdzislaw Jary, Norm Catto, Ian Smalley, L.Zoeller, Slobodan Markovic. The field trip was to the east and the party stopped in a quarry in Ukraine, and observed sand martins nesting in the loess banks. This inspired a series of papers relating bird nesting and loess deposits- and some discussion of the 'Heneberg Compromise',</p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-OSE_a29-g-w/YTCV29pvQbI/AAAAAAAACDA/AUpYTdOG08c18wMPPkCn_lXbEOdEHLuxwCLcBGAsYHQ/s800/2%2Bbee-eaters%2Bon%2Bloess.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="533" data-original-width="800" height="213" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-OSE_a29-g-w/YTCV29pvQbI/AAAAAAAACDA/AUpYTdOG08c18wMPPkCn_lXbEOdEHLuxwCLcBGAsYHQ/s320/2%2Bbee-eaters%2Bon%2Bloess.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><br /><p><br /></p><p>In 2011 LL produced a history of INQUA; this was published as LL65 in April 2011 and is reproduced on the INQUA website, it became the main history of INQUA. A more detailed history should be produced while INQUA pioneers are still available.</p><p>2012 The meeting in Novi Sad to honour Edward Derbyshire, the ED@80 meeting. This was a very successful meeting and it produced two special issues full of interesting science (& history): ED@80: Loess in China and Europe- A tribute to Edward Derbyshire. ed.by Slobodan Markovic, Shiling Yang, Norm Catto, Tom Stevens. Quaternary International 334-335, 17 June 2014. Loess and Dust Dynamics, Environments, Landforms and Pedogenesis: A tribute to Edward Derbyshire. ed,by Slobodan Markovic, Lewis Owen. Catena 117, June 2014</p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiTcN6p46jwpfA6K7J_WFzPZdwgtvOQ6ZTP4MizOFiUgIoqXfw_b5qSbWpiVRFwkEJZMpBDMioZ_5D9eESkVYYPVtP5zn68f3o0AIPzbRgjP1C9gXdm3JBIxwGqjcdGnJLdy_4yAFxgiu76Bnq05C7bHmPXf3ISVGMzawKK5C9WxhQRVcIo7wGhnIDyCw/s1263/Pops_Friend%20copy2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1263" data-original-width="724" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiTcN6p46jwpfA6K7J_WFzPZdwgtvOQ6ZTP4MizOFiUgIoqXfw_b5qSbWpiVRFwkEJZMpBDMioZ_5D9eESkVYYPVtP5zn68f3o0AIPzbRgjP1C9gXdm3JBIxwGqjcdGnJLdy_4yAFxgiu76Bnq05C7bHmPXf3ISVGMzawKK5C9WxhQRVcIo7wGhnIDyCw/s320/Pops_Friend%20copy2.jpg" width="183" /></a></div><br /><p><br /></p><p>A small highlight was the impromptu greeting meeting on Tuesday 25 Sept at the Palermo coffee bar, adjacent to the Voyager Hotel where the Derbyshires were staying; the Palermo did well and a very agreable welcome party was held, with excellent pizza. The Derbyshires arrived ahead of their luggage; Austrian Airlines adding a little spice to the adventure</p><p><br /></p><div style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-WM9cIfdzLeo/YS36Uo4KMGI/AAAAAAAACCg/t4Qf6KNvyhsiUMtpBbXvk8tByXveN9qaQCLcBGAsYHQ/s841/LL%2Bcovers%2Blarge.jpg"><img border="0" data-original-height="461" data-original-width="841" height="219" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-WM9cIfdzLeo/YS36Uo4KMGI/AAAAAAAACCg/t4Qf6KNvyhsiUMtpBbXvk8tByXveN9qaQCLcBGAsYHQ/w400-h219/LL%2Bcovers%2Blarge.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><br /><p></p><p>2012 was the year that the Loess Blog began (Loessground.Blogspot.com) ; electronic communication was taking over from traditional forms. It was at the ED@80 meeting that Randall Schaetzl proposed putting Loess Letter on-line (and this has now been accomplished- loessletter.msu.edu). All 71 issues of Loess Letter are now available online. The field trip went east to see mammoth remains and Roman settlements.</p><p>2013 Leicester Loess. In 2013 the INQUA Loess Focus Group moved its annual discussion meeting away from Central Europe- to Leicester in the English Midlands- to the University of Leicester. The associated issue of Quaternary International was QI 372: Loess & Dust: Contributions in honour of Ian Smalley; ed. Slobodan Markovic, Ken O'Hara-Dhand, Sue McLaren. Quaternary International 372 22June 2015. A field trip to look at the very modest loess in Essex.</p><p><br /></p><p>2016 Loess 2M- Modelling and Mapping; conference at Novi Sad 236-29 August 2016. The special QI 2M Loess Modelling and Mapping; ed. Qingzhen Hao, Christian Zeeden, Piotr Moska, Nemanja Tomic Quaternary International 502A January 2019.</p><p><br /></p><p>2017 GeoTrends 2 in Wroclaw; 2nd International Conference on Geoheritage & Geotourism; reception at the Meteorological Institute- where is the corkscrew? Guests in the excellent Hostel Figa; papers in the Historical Centre. 22.09.17 Field trip to the south west, near the border with Czechia; magnificent accommodation in the Hotel Sonata. 24 Dobra; forest field trip + mushrooms. Papers> Open Geosciences.</p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-rCiOaAvidnQ/YTI7hJf5nVI/AAAAAAAACDY/HTRRkfOOQ90tqGT8WS62uvqjDK_jbutMwCLcBGAsYHQ/s2048/Figa%2Bhostel.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1536" data-original-width="2048" height="150" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-rCiOaAvidnQ/YTI7hJf5nVI/AAAAAAAACDY/HTRRkfOOQ90tqGT8WS62uvqjDK_jbutMwCLcBGAsYHQ/w200-h150/Figa%2Bhostel.jpg" width="200" /></a></div><br /><p><br /></p><p>Jary,Z., Owczarek,P., Ryzner,K., Widawski, K., Krawczyk, M., Krzyszkowski, D., Skurzynski, J. 2018. Loess documentary sites and their potential for geotourism in Lower Silesia (Poland). Open Geosciences v10, no.1, 2018, pp 647-660.</p><p>Fitzsimmons, K., McLaren, S., Smalley, I.J. 2018. The first loess map and related topics: contributions by twenty significant women loess scholars. Open Geosciences v10, no.1, 2018, pp 311-322.</p><p><br /></p><p>2018 Natural Hazards in Novi Sad. Reception 05.10.18, Papers 06.10.18, Papers 07.19.18. Field trip to see the Great Hungarian plain, visiting Subotica (possibly the birthplace of Leopold Bloom).</p><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-uDcyr-dtgnA/YTI8KDZwpRI/AAAAAAAACDg/cFU5ds8rLk020BQcVlr5-MwjNe7yVWiHQCLcBGAsYHQ/s634/subotica%2Bsynagogue.jpg" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" data-original-height="372" data-original-width="634" height="118" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-uDcyr-dtgnA/YTI8KDZwpRI/AAAAAAAACDg/cFU5ds8rLk020BQcVlr5-MwjNe7yVWiHQCLcBGAsYHQ/w200-h118/subotica%2Bsynagogue.jpg" width="200" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">subotica</td></tr></tbody></table><br /><p><br /></p><p>2019 XX INQUA in Dublin. Discussions on loess; the dustcloud of the Golden Age is dispersed as Covid envelops the World. 'The golden dust of Slankamen'.</p><p>2020 Daniel Defoe revisited- the Plague Year is here</p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-pxzCXfp_I8A/YS36k4_aQuI/AAAAAAAACCo/Zoe_2wPh9JMTYwJywoYbPN5tnGwDLjDqgCLcBGAsYHQ/s642/ulrich%2Bcitations.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="237" data-original-width="642" height="118" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-pxzCXfp_I8A/YS36k4_aQuI/AAAAAAAACCo/Zoe_2wPh9JMTYwJywoYbPN5tnGwDLjDqgCLcBGAsYHQ/s320/ulrich%2Bcitations.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">Ulrich Hambach citations in the Golden Age</div><br />Ian Smalleyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10715518067515369104noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6275442480756740675.post-5751103577256767882021-06-28T08:38:00.001-07:002021-06-30T03:59:12.673-07:00LD4C: Loess Deposits on Four Continents<p> LD4C: a new enterprise- Loess Deposits on Four Continents. A publication by 'Geosciences' edited by Ian Smalley & Slobodan Markovic; your recent and radical thinking on all aspects of Loess. Go to Webpage <u>https://www.mdpi.com.journal/geosciences/special issues/loess deposits on four continents.</u> Contributions invited.</p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-CmQCpaQm2vM/YNnsSKTAE8I/AAAAAAAAB_A/UMoWhQWyutEF4ampRjXPAISv76uUEJ2nACLcBGAsYHQ/s2048/Subsid.China2%2B001.bmp" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2048" data-original-width="1489" height="640" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-CmQCpaQm2vM/YNnsSKTAE8I/AAAAAAAAB_A/UMoWhQWyutEF4ampRjXPAISv76uUEJ2nACLcBGAsYHQ/w466-h640/Subsid.China2%2B001.bmp" width="466" /></a></div>emails: ijsmalley@gmail.com; slobodan.markovic@dgt.uns.ac.rs<p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-Pz0MOKaU6pQ/YNxOGVQwW-I/AAAAAAAAB_c/uhMQEGEQgSUx9WkY8DFjxexfkwTrJKtXQCLcBGAsYHQ/s800/loess_deposits_on_four_continents_horizontal_light.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="458" data-original-width="800" height="366" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-Pz0MOKaU6pQ/YNxOGVQwW-I/AAAAAAAAB_c/uhMQEGEQgSUx9WkY8DFjxexfkwTrJKtXQCLcBGAsYHQ/w640-h366/loess_deposits_on_four_continents_horizontal_light.png" width="640" /></a></div><br /><div><br /></div>Ian Smalleyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10715518067515369104noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6275442480756740675.post-51552078674621898702020-12-02T04:12:00.015-08:002020-12-11T03:48:36.999-08:00Twenty Books on Loess: A subjective progression 1700-2000<div>Books are important in the Loess story: the 20 books are important- are they the most important?- that depends on your interests and your viewpoint. They are listed in roughly chronological order; it is a <i>very</i> subjective list, and selection and discussion relate to personal use and experience.</div><div><br /></div><div><span style="font-size: x-small;">Every generation enjoys the use of the vast hoard bequeathed to it by antiquity, and transmits that hoard, augmented by fresh acquisitions, to the future ages. Lord Macaulay: Essay on Milton</span></div><div><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: x-small;"></span><span style="font-size: xx-small;"></span><span style="font-size: x-small;"></span><br /></div><div>1. Marsigli 1726</div><div>Luigi Ferdinando Marsigli; Danubius Pannonico Mysicus (in Latin) 6 volumes</div><div>Marsigli, serving the Austro-Hungarian Empire, was stationed at several convenient places in Central Europe. Convenient that is to make the first European record of loess. His diagrams of the Danube bank were the first representations of loess in situ in a stratigraphic situation. It seems likely that there were earlier representations of loess landscapes in China but we can assign Marsigli priority in Europe. They were published in his great book on the Danube, in 1726. [see LG blog 22 & 25 May 2020]</div><div><br /></div><div>2. Leonhard 1824</div><div>Karl Caesar von Leonhard; Charakteristik der Felsarten; Joseph Englemann Verlag, Heidelberg. Three volumes published in 1823 & 1824. Descriptions of ground materials; volume 3 contains section 89 Loess; this is the defining and descriptive arrival of the loess concept.</div><div><br /></div><div>Hambach, U., Smalley, I. 2019. Two critical books in the history of loess investigation 'Charakteristik der Felsarten' by Karl Caesar von Leonhard and 'Principles of Geology' by Charles Lyell. Open Geosciences 11, 447-451. doi:https://10.1515/geo-2019-0032 </div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div>3. Lyell 1833</div><div>Charles Lyell; The Principles of Geology; John Murray London 3 volumes 1830-1833. The critical loess material appeared in vol.3. The great success of the Principles meant that loess awareness quickly became worldwide. Lyell revised and republished the Principles throughout his life; the 12th edition was being prepared when he died. The tone became more philosophical as the series progressed and the loess references have disappeared by the time of publication of the 6th edition. Vol.3 (the Loess volume) reached Charles Darwin in Valparaiso in 1834.</div><div><br /></div><div>4. Richthofen 1877</div><div>F.von Richthofen; China: Ergebnisse eigner Reisen und darauf gegrundeter Studien, 5 vols. Dietrich Reimer Berlin. Loess discussions and descriptions in vol.1.</div><div><br /></div><div>5. Free & Stuntz 1911</div><div>E.E.Free, S.C.Stuntz; The movement of soil material by the wind, with a bibliography of eolian geology. U.S.Department of Agriculture, Bureau of Soils Bulletin 68, 263p.</div><div><br /></div><div>6. Soergel 1919</div><div>W.Soergel; Losse, Eiszeiten und palaolithische Kulturen; Carl Fischer Jena 177p</div><div><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-oWOcfFZZDLw/X9IGQTL3cGI/AAAAAAAAB4o/4z4Vg0O2vzEcDb__Yc6vbbw3R3FsnU05ACLcBGAsYHQ/s612/Richthofen%2BChina%2Bcover.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="612" data-original-width="443" height="320" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-oWOcfFZZDLw/X9IGQTL3cGI/AAAAAAAAB4o/4z4Vg0O2vzEcDb__Yc6vbbw3R3FsnU05ACLcBGAsYHQ/s320/Richthofen%2BChina%2Bcover.jpg" /></a></div><br /><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div>7. Scheidig 1934</div><div>Alfred Scheidig; Der Loss und seine geotechnischen Eigenschaften; Verlag Theodor Steinkopf Dresden u.Leipzig 233p. [Geologie und Verbreitung, Erdstoffphysik, Erdbaumechanik und Geotechnik der Losse und Losslehme, Schluffe, Silte und anderer Stauberden, Aschen und Staube].</div><div>It was 1970; I was in the library of the Sedgwick Museum in Cambridge. I was visiting David Krinsley who was spending a year as visiting fellow at Churchill College. I think I had arranged to meet him at the Sedgwick Museum, I was waiting for him and idly browsing when I came across a catalogue for Otto Koeltz bookseller- and it listed a copy of Scheidig for sale. Up to that moment it had never occurred to me that I could actually own a copy of this mythical book.</div><div><br /></div><div>8. Denisov 1953</div><div>N.Ya.Denisov; Engineering Properties of Loess and Loess-like Clay Soils. (in Russian) Gosudarstvennoe Izdatel'stvo Moscow 154p. The copy in the Loess Letter Archive is the 2nd edition so its this edition that gets reported; 6000 copies printed. A key work in the study of the hydroconsolidation and structural collapse of loess ground; fig.32 is the iconic picture of the collapse of a canal in Central Asia; when the collapse problem became really apparent- when it began to obsess the geotechnical community in the Soviet Union.</div><div><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-8ZESeZxVRKU/X8jJcj1dcdI/AAAAAAAAB3A/3Rog2l9ifm4O-9dA9e4jDrSpsqe0PTEYgCLcBGAsYHQ/s516/canal%2Bcollapse.png" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="516" data-original-width="486" height="320" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-8ZESeZxVRKU/X8jJcj1dcdI/AAAAAAAAB3A/3Rog2l9ifm4O-9dA9e4jDrSpsqe0PTEYgCLcBGAsYHQ/s320/canal%2Bcollapse.png" /></a></div><br /><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div>9. Charlesworth 1957</div><div>J.K.Charlesworth; The Quaternary Era (with special reference to its glaciation); Arnold, London, 2 volumes, 1700 pages. The great and amazing Quaternary compilation; two substantial volumes. Volume one contains a substantial section on loess. It seems incredible that someone would attempt a survey of all aspects of the Quaternary- involving a very committed bibliographical effort, although Charlesworth did admit that publications in many languages had escaped him. Unfortunately he used a very complicated reference system (unique to him) which was difficult to use. Volume 2 was so thick that it was difficult to manipulate, but it contained a key section of the bibliographic apparatus.</div><div>Chapter 26 (vol.1, pp 511-558) deals with loess and has 709 references listed.</div><div><br /></div><div><span style="font-size: x-small;">Charlesworth 1957 was an amazing scholarly achievement- a comprehensive study of all the literature on the Quaternary; such a task for one scholar, and such an incredible result. The loess section is still relevant and repays study- there are discoveries to be made in the Charlesworth hoard. He quotes Goethe to this effect "Wer kann was Dummes, wer was Kluges denken; Das nicht die Vorwelt schon gedacht?"</span></div><div><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></div><div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-2jMP0iKPKJE/X9Cvop92UnI/AAAAAAAAB4I/qzj1zjC0gwUvXQeSqa7GRzNO4gotP8koQCLcBGAsYHQ/s2048/JKC%2BJHref%2B001.bmp" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2048" data-original-width="1489" height="640" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-2jMP0iKPKJE/X9Cvop92UnI/AAAAAAAAB4I/qzj1zjC0gwUvXQeSqa7GRzNO4gotP8koQCLcBGAsYHQ/w466-h640/JKC%2BJHref%2B001.bmp" width="466" /></a></div><br /><span style="font-size: x-small;"><br /></span></div><div><span style="font-size: x-small;"></span><span style="font-size: x-small;"></span><br /></div><div><br /></div><div>10. Woldstedt 1954</div><div>Paul Woldstedt; Das Eiszeitalter: Grundlinien einer Geologie des Quartars. Ferdinand Enke Verlag Stuttgart Bd,1. This is a work in three volumes; vol.1 contains the general discussion on loess; more accessible than the Charlesworth account but lacking the amazing detail.</div><div><br /></div><div>11. Kriger 1965</div><div>N.I.Kriger; Loess, its Characteristics and Relation to the Geographical Environment; Izd-vo Nauka Moscow 296p (in Russian). <i>The</i> critical book in the study of Russian loess. For such an important book it is surprisingly little known and appreciated, OCLC reports that it is held by eight libraries worldwide; add to that one copy in the Loess Letter archive- which was supplied by Alexander Alexiev of the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences. The impressive bibliography was published separately by Loess Letter (Loess Letter Supplement 13). Only 1350 copies were printed; see Smalley 1980 p.46 for discussion-entry 16 on this list. The Loess Letter map series published the Kriger 1965 map of loess distribution as its no.1 production, and reproduced the section on the history of loess studies as a Loess Letter Supplement (no.10 June 1986- for the INQUA 1987 Ottawa Congress).</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-D5kQmX01ePs/X9NbRTrGD1I/AAAAAAAAB40/EMrVfDZxHZMZ71P9iCNLphK2CEOnztllACLcBGAsYHQ/s686/kriger%2Brep.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="686" data-original-width="581" height="200" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-D5kQmX01ePs/X9NbRTrGD1I/AAAAAAAAB40/EMrVfDZxHZMZ71P9iCNLphK2CEOnztllACLcBGAsYHQ/w169-h200/kriger%2Brep.jpg" width="169" /></a></div><br /><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div>12. Schultz & Frye 1968</div><div>C.Bertrand Schultz, John C.Frye; Loess and related eolian deposits of the World; University of Nebraska Press Lincoln 369p. [Proceedings of the 7th INQUA Congress, vol.12].</div><div><br /></div><div>13. AFEQ 1969</div><div>AFEQ; La Stratigraphie des Loess d'Europe (Supplement au Bulletin de l'Association Francaise pour l'Etude du Quaternaire) CNRS-AFEQ Paris 176p.</div><div><br /></div><div>AFEQ 1969. A bibliographic problem- which only concerns a tiny handful of loessic bibliographers. How shall AFEQ 1969 be described and classified? How can it sensibly be referred to? It needs to stay in view, it represents a critical moment in the history of the INQUA Loess Commission. It was produced for the Paris INQUA meeting of 1969 (8th) and distributed to delegates. The LL Archive contains two copies- those of Aart Brouwer of Leiden University and Claudio Vita-Finzi of University College London. How many were printed? 500? 1000? enough for each delegate to have a copy in their package of conference materials?</div><div>OCLC shows quite a good distribution in the world's libraries. It lacks a stipulated editor, and was not commercially published; well before the days of ISBN numbers- not mentioned in Pye (1987), published by CNRS, printed in Marseille.</div><div><br /></div><div>AFEQ 1969 is Julius Fink's setting out of the plan of action for the INQUA Loess Commission. Before 1969 the Loess Commission was a Sub-Commission, it became a full Commission at the Paris Congress. The Loess Commission was Fink's vehicle- a setting for his vision of the development of loess stratigraphy in Europe- of the contribution of loess investigation to the development of Quaternary science in general.<br /></div><div><br /></div><div>14. Berg 1964</div><div>L.S.Berg; Loess as a product of Weathering and Soil Formation. Israel Program for Scientific Translations, Jerusalem 207p. Translated from Berg's autobiography 'Climate and Life'</div><div>Here is the Berg vision of the processes of loess formation- this is essentially the same view that Berg advanced in 1916; this is the 'in-situ' or 'pedological' theory of loess formation. It is a remarkable book; Berg was a remarkable scholar and he published his loess theory throughout his scholarly life, mostly in Russian. The best version, ironically enough, is probably this IPST version.</div><div><br /></div><div>15. Smalley Benchmark 1975</div><div>Ian J.Smalley; Loess Lithology and Genesis [Benchmark Geology 26] Dowden Hutchinson & Ross Stroudsburg</div><div>It was Rhodes Fairbridge's idea- a series of books which would contain the basic, fundamental ideas in the geo-sciences- the 'Benchmark' series in geology. He proposed one on loess in the early 1970s, and, after some consultation it was produced as volume 26. Julius Fink, as President of the INQUA Loess Commission, participated in the discussion and proposed that the volume focus on matters sedimentological rather than stratigraphical. He felt that, at the time, there was too much muddle and confusion in the world of loess stratigraphy that the volume should focus on problems related to origin, nature and distribution; so the focus was 'Lithology & Genesis'</div><div><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-zGHOhIZ7rqM/X8tsqhGhdDI/AAAAAAAAB3k/EKjq9RFq5b0NYZqXsl4wQ7h863Al_IOuwCLcBGAsYHQ/s2048/IS%2BDarren%2BGate%2B001.bmp" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2048" data-original-width="1489" height="320" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-zGHOhIZ7rqM/X8tsqhGhdDI/AAAAAAAAB3k/EKjq9RFq5b0NYZqXsl4wQ7h863Al_IOuwCLcBGAsYHQ/s320/IS%2BDarren%2BGate%2B001.bmp" /></a></div><br /><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div>16. Smalley Partial Bibliography 1980</div><div>Ian J.Smalley; Loess A Partial Bibliography; GeoBooks(Elsevier) 103p. It is a partial bibliography in two senses; it is partial in the sense that it is not complete- no bibliography can ever be complete, and loess with the wide range of topics, locations and languages has no chance of being complete; and it is partial in that it reflects the interests and opinions of the compiler, who tries to be neutral and even-handed but is victim to his background and education and linguistic proclivities.</div><div>GeoBooks in Norwich produced a series of very well made but under-appreciated bibliography volumes, Loess was no.7 in the series. GeoBooks/GeoAbstracts did an excellent job, in pre-internet times, of keeping the geoscience community informed. The GeoAbstracts series was much admired and appreciated and, of course, vanished instantly when Eworld arrived.</div><div><br /></div><div>17. Liu Tungsheng 1988</div><div>Liu Tungsheng (editor); Loess in China (Springer series in Physical Environment 5); China Ocean Press Beijing, Springer-Verlag Berlin 224p. ISBN 3-540-16717. The journal<i> Progress in Physical Geography</i> chose this book as a classic publication.</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-vUb7kJtJ4Ao/X9CwFdaXWeI/AAAAAAAAB4Q/TcySAzii80QZuVGOq9qz0bOc4w-YCkj-ACLcBGAsYHQ/s747/LTS%2Bdisplay.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="747" data-original-width="722" height="640" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-vUb7kJtJ4Ao/X9CwFdaXWeI/AAAAAAAAB4Q/TcySAzii80QZuVGOq9qz0bOc4w-YCkj-ACLcBGAsYHQ/w618-h640/LTS%2Bdisplay.jpg" width="618" /></a></div><br /><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-YwkOdXBZPpM/X8jKA_3GIzI/AAAAAAAAB3I/c1TlFUj1rpMLk8jHz1OWw0nGFfhW3zsNwCLcBGAsYHQ/s265/Liu%2BTung%2Bsheng.jpg" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="265" data-original-width="216" height="200" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-YwkOdXBZPpM/X8jKA_3GIzI/AAAAAAAAB3I/c1TlFUj1rpMLk8jHz1OWw0nGFfhW3zsNwCLcBGAsYHQ/w163-h200/Liu%2BTung%2Bsheng.jpg" width="163" /></a></div><br /><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div>18. Pye 1987</div><div>Kenneth Pye; Aeolian Dust and Dust Deposits. Academic Press London, 334p. ISBN 0-12-568690-0. This is a very good snapshot of loess ground knowledge in the early 1980s.</div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div>19. Rozycki 1991</div><div>S.Z.Rozycki; Loess and Loess-like Deposits; Ossolineum Polish Academy of Sciences, 187p. ISBN 83-04-03745-9. The Polish language edition was published in 1986 by Studia Geologica Polonica. Copies donated to the Archive by Eric Robinson of University College London and Zdzislav Jary of the University of Wroclaw.</div><div><br /></div><div>20. Trofimov 2001</div><div>V.T.Trofimov (editor); Loess Mantle of the Earth- and its Properties (in Russian); Moscow University Press 464p. ISBN 5-211-04336-7. The copy in the Archive was donated by Andrei Dodonov, who was a contributor. This book is essentially an updating and upgrading of Scheidig 1934; a large section on loess in general, followed by a section devoted to geotechnical aspects and engineering problems. Only 500 copies were printed. Reviewed in Engineering Geology vol.255, p.252.</div><div><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-Aph2gtplk2k/X9IBemeW7SI/AAAAAAAAB4c/ounZiz4Hj-wnvk6YV2irxWNoOTbkKqGUwCLcBGAsYHQ/s2048/Trofimov%2BEurope%2B001.bmp" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2048" data-original-width="1489" height="640" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-Aph2gtplk2k/X9IBemeW7SI/AAAAAAAAB4c/ounZiz4Hj-wnvk6YV2irxWNoOTbkKqGUwCLcBGAsYHQ/w466-h640/Trofimov%2BEurope%2B001.bmp" width="466" /></a></div><br /><div><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><u><span style="color: #000120;"></span></u><br /></div><br /><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><br /></div><br />Ian Smalleyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10715518067515369104noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6275442480756740675.post-14313900636334707012020-10-31T04:31:00.015-07:002021-10-10T03:05:20.395-07:00London Stock Bricks in the Bazalgette sewers: inadvertent excellence? [speculative connections/ manifest virtues]Over 300 million bricks were used in the construction of the Bazalgette sewer system for London. During the construction period there was a huge demand for bricks (and bricklayers) and the prices rose considerably. The obvious source of bricks was the multitude of brickworks around London all producing the London Stock brick- the classic brick made from the local brickearth. <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-Nz_RJRsoVCw/YO1i7sNptRI/AAAAAAAACAQ/ZV0j4OrFErgO1SwTvK3VqN3m5dT84--sQCLcBGAsYHQ/s450/56-282204-joseph-bazagette.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="279" data-original-width="450" height="248" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-Nz_RJRsoVCw/YO1i7sNptRI/AAAAAAAACAQ/ZV0j4OrFErgO1SwTvK3VqN3m5dT84--sQCLcBGAsYHQ/w400-h248/56-282204-joseph-bazagette.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><br /> <div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-gQ4F4YDWDwo/X56UkW04F2I/AAAAAAAAB1Q/QnKgTYYv0P4CHyvvWE_p11PeeJ1ZY7ikgCLcBGAsYHQ/s354/B-gette%2BN%2BOutfall%2Bbricks.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="170" data-original-width="354" height="193" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-gQ4F4YDWDwo/X56UkW04F2I/AAAAAAAAB1Q/QnKgTYYv0P4CHyvvWE_p11PeeJ1ZY7ikgCLcBGAsYHQ/w400-h193/B-gette%2BN%2BOutfall%2Bbricks.jpg" width="400" /></a><br /></div><div>These bricks had certain properties and virtues- it appears that they were well suited for sewer construction. How many of Bazalgette's 300+ million bricks were London Stock bricks? It would seem logical that most of the Bazalgette bricks were London Stocks.</div><div>Was Bazalgette aware of all the excellent properties that LSB possessed and that made them specially suited for a complex drainage system, or did he take an 'overall' view of construction bricks and not distinguish with particular care among the various types- for such a careful engineer this latter approach seems unlikely?</div><div>It is possible to list a set of remarkable advantages that the LSB possessed; an excellent range of properties which has contributed to the success and longevity of the sewer system. The range of virtues is impressive: moulding and making virtues, strength virtues, dimensional virtues, chemical virtues, geographical virtues, etc..</div><div><br /></div><div>Moulding and Making</div><div>The handmade brick is made in a mould. Each single brick is formed from brick material which is pressed into the mould by the moulder. He (invariably he) presses the material into the mould using the adequate and learned amount of force. This to some extent compacts the material and establishes the initial particle structure- a modest tensile strength develops as compression enhances particle contacts- the brick can now be handled and moved to a drying region. </div><div>The BE(as ground material) has a packing density P of perhaps 0.5, which is a voids ratio e of 1.0. Half of the space is taken up by solid mineral material, half of the space is space. If BE is compacted (remoulded and then compacted)the P value rises to perhaps 0.6-0.7- and this P value stays relatively high even after firing. The actual density of a typical LSB is around 1845 kg/m3. The density of Q is about 2650 kg/m3- with a few assumptions (always a few assumptions) this gives a P value of around 0.7- still quite a lot of porosity in a fired brick. This allows combustion gases (from the dispersed spanish) to escape and gives the brick good drainage characteristics.</div><div><br /></div><div>Strength</div><div>Structure: the essence of a loess/brickearth deposit is structure- the way that the constituent particles are arranged in the ground system. It is the open airfall structure of the deposit which causes the geotechnical problems with loess ground- when loaded and wetted the loess ground structure collapse; hydroconsolidation ensues, subsidence occurs. The metastable nature of the ground causes problems. It also allows easy digging. The man with the spade fares better in loess ground than in ordinary clay-rich ground which can be 'heavy' or 'sticky' and difficult to manipulate. The nature of loess ground means that thick loess deposits can be dug and successfully utilized. Easily dug and easily manipulated- ideal ground for the hand making of bricks; an open internal structure and not too much clay mineral content.</div><div><br /></div><div>The particulate nature of loess/brickearth underpins all considerations of the development of properties in LS bricks. The ground nature is relatively complex but some chancy generalisations can be attempted. BE is a silty material; assume a mode size of around 30 um- and most of these particles will be quartz. The mode shape of the mode size Q particle can be calculated (with a few necessary assumptions: eg Q is isotropic). There is a probability approach to this problem, or it can be tackled via a very simple Monte Carlo method. If the particle shape is defined by the orthogonal box into which it just fits: the mode shape can be calculated to be about 8-5-2, these are the side ratios. It is a remarkably flat particle- it will eventually determine and dominate the internal structure of the LS brick- and provide its great strength when the particle contacts are emphasized and reinforced. The moulder produces a tight random packing of flattish particles in a cohesive plastic solid.</div><div><br /></div><div>Dimensions</div><div>For a drainage tunnel it is useful to have the surface as smooth as possible- flow should not be impeded in any way. The accurately dimensional LSB allows careful smooth tunnel construction. The nature of BE allows for efficient filling of the brick mould and this ensures good dimensionality and sharp edges-good arris structure.</div><div><br /></div><div>Chemistry and Mineralogy</div><div>The high Q content in the LSB gives it strength and abrasion resistance, and resistance to chemical erosion. The low clay mineral content (of not particularly clayey clays) allows relatively easy melting in the firing sequence. The eutectic in the SiO2-Al2O3 system is close to the silica end of the system; the components in the eutectic system are silica and mullite.</div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-flU71MOrUNQ/X61ZIVd5DrI/AAAAAAAAB14/U5hGt19TvpMLsUu3v9ClUVF2vt-qBZOYQCLcBGAsYHQ/s794/SiO2-Al2O3%2Bdiag.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="573" data-original-width="794" height="462" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-flU71MOrUNQ/X61ZIVd5DrI/AAAAAAAAB14/U5hGt19TvpMLsUu3v9ClUVF2vt-qBZOYQCLcBGAsYHQ/w640-h462/SiO2-Al2O3%2Bdiag.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><div><br /></div><div>Location and Transportation</div><div>The geography is remarkable. The brickearth is on hand or very close to hand. The close to hand brickearth is connected by an efficient transport system directly to the site of the construction activity, and also serves to deliver supplementary fuel to the brick makers. The most significant brick construction in the world is to be emplaced at the heart of the brick universe; hard to imagine a more suitable location- a more apt location.</div><div><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-p0utjQCi7Yo/X6_6roY2UOI/AAAAAAAAB2E/nLXEEnQaCvcxA7M9jVTCTTRnmPzvkTwTACLcBGAsYHQ/s1231/Bgette%2Bsewer%2Bplan.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="557" data-original-width="1231" height="290" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-p0utjQCi7Yo/X6_6roY2UOI/AAAAAAAAB2E/nLXEEnQaCvcxA7M9jVTCTTRnmPzvkTwTACLcBGAsYHQ/w640-h290/Bgette%2Bsewer%2Bplan.jpg" width="640" /></a></div><br /><div><br /></div><div>The problem (of building an extensive sewer system) arose at the centre of a great brick using universe; every fully laden Thames barge coming up from Sittingbourne delivered 50,000 bricks- to be able to use these to build the sewer system and to save the lives of Londoners was an amazing stroke of fortune. The LSB would appear to have been almost ideal for building a large and complex sewer system- so many aspects of its nature pointed to it being well suited to the job in hand.</div><div><br /></div><div>Choice or chance? The virtues of London Stock bricks for the construction of the Bazalgette sewer network in Lonfon (c.1860-1880). Ian Smalley, Arya Assadi-Langroudi, Grenville Lill . British Brick Society Information 148, 10-19, September 2021.</div>Ian Smalleyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10715518067515369104noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6275442480756740675.post-57825438655529155722020-09-26T03:09:00.000-07:002020-09-26T03:09:35.039-07:00Star Lane & Cherry Orchard Lane: Two brickworks in Essex<p> Star Lane brickworks in Essex [TQ 935870]; Cherry Orchard Lane brickworks in Essex [TQ 857898]; south of the River Crouch, near Great Wakering, near Rochford; Brickearth deposits used to make London Stock bricks; among the longer lasting of the Thames Valley brickworks; owned at one time by D.&C. Rutter- who owned brickworks in Crayford. Both sites investigated by Grenville Lill in the 1970s; his TG studies on the London brickearths succeeded and amplified those of Freeman (1964). </p><p>Lill, G.O. 1978. The nature and distribution of loess in Britain. PhD thesis University of Leeds; etheses. whiterose.ac.uk</p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-g5hW1Ou8-E4/X2nM4sIOulI/AAAAAAAABz0/haycYzXfx_YNGrAnIkZsHOJg1V0mHFX7QCLcBGAsYHQ/s580/Star%2BLane%2BDTG%25232.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="580" data-original-width="486" height="640" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-g5hW1Ou8-E4/X2nM4sIOulI/AAAAAAAABz0/haycYzXfx_YNGrAnIkZsHOJg1V0mHFX7QCLcBGAsYHQ/w536-h640/Star%2BLane%2BDTG%25232.jpg" width="536" /></a></div><br /><p><br /></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-ZbYPlcG4XYE/X2nNWj0dO8I/AAAAAAAABz8/T6WZQJ6sx9Yb841GcUFZwuoH_dU6IHO7wCLcBGAsYHQ/s592/Star%2BLane%2BDTG%25234.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="592" data-original-width="495" height="640" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-ZbYPlcG4XYE/X2nNWj0dO8I/AAAAAAAABz8/T6WZQJ6sx9Yb841GcUFZwuoH_dU6IHO7wCLcBGAsYHQ/w536-h640/Star%2BLane%2BDTG%25234.jpg" width="536" /></a></div><br /><p><br /></p>Ian Smalleyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10715518067515369104noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6275442480756740675.post-3548230924625067062020-09-06T03:46:00.004-07:002020-09-19T02:58:42.143-07:00London Stock bricks<div>Alan Cox 1997. A vital component: Stock bricks in Georgian London. Construction History 13, 57-66.</div><div><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-uLv3mFo7vek/X1T9eXN8etI/AAAAAAAABxo/P-8YPMIPLwoDIQDH-MTr26KH51gp3OH-wCLcBGAsYHQ/s383/Stock%2BBricks%2BSmeed%2BDean.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="168" data-original-width="383" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-uLv3mFo7vek/X1T9eXN8etI/AAAAAAAABxo/P-8YPMIPLwoDIQDH-MTr26KH51gp3OH-wCLcBGAsYHQ/s320/Stock%2BBricks%2BSmeed%2BDean.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><br /><div><br /></div><div><br /></div><div>The London Stock is a type of brick the manufacture of which is confined to London and south-eastern England (particularly Kent and Essex). It is made from superficial deposits of brickearth <b>(Loess</b>) overlying the London Clay, which are easily worked and produce a durable, generally well-burnt brick. This durability actually increases, since the London Stock brick has the fortuitous advantage of hardening with age and in reaction to the polluted London atmosphere..</div><div><br /></div><div>Other characteristics of the London Stock result from its method of manufacture, two stages being especially important. The first of these is the practice of mixing the clay with what has been variously known as Spanish, soil, town ash, or rough stuff- that is London's domestic rubbish, which contained a large amount of ash and cinders. The addition of this sifted ash provided a built-in fuel when the bricks were fired..</div><div><br /></div><div>I.L.Freeman 1964. Mineralogy of ten British brick clays. Clay Minerals Bulletin 5, 474-486. </div><div><br /></div><div>Sample 63AH; London Stock brick mixture; mainly Pleistocene from Kent. 75% brickearth, 10% estuarine mud, 10% washed chalk, 5% sifted town refuse. The chalk is added to produce the desired yellow colour. Freeman carried out thermogravimetric analysis on his brick clay samples using a Stanton Redcroft TR01 thermobalance.</div><div><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-TBMA49xoCcU/X1T9uFpVfsI/AAAAAAAABxw/nsNidz0zdjgpReq-i-dpMCf5BZnQhu9ggCLcBGAsYHQ/s624/TG%2BLondon%2BStock.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="383" data-original-width="624" height="306" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-TBMA49xoCcU/X1T9uFpVfsI/AAAAAAAABxw/nsNidz0zdjgpReq-i-dpMCf5BZnQhu9ggCLcBGAsYHQ/w500-h306/TG%2BLondon%2BStock.jpg" width="500" /></a></div>The TG curve for 63AH suggests not much moisture loess at relatively low temperatures, this would be expected for a material with a relatively low clay mineral content. This is also reflected in the low weight loss at dehydroxylation temperatures. Greater weight loess occurs at higher temperatures where there may be decarbonation reactions from the chalk in the system. 62AK has larger weight losses at moisture loss temperatures and dehydroxylation temperatures indicating a larger clay mineral presence.<br /><div><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-AU9Brs_6Br8/X1iqim17esI/AAAAAAAAByc/V-7Dn7VXrCEhyWHzRwTXPRcLEvgyc1lYwCLcBGAsYHQ/s1033/DTA%2Bbrick%2Bclays.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="600" data-original-width="1033" height="364" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-AU9Brs_6Br8/X1iqim17esI/AAAAAAAAByc/V-7Dn7VXrCEhyWHzRwTXPRcLEvgyc1lYwCLcBGAsYHQ/w625-h364/DTA%2Bbrick%2Bclays.jpg" width="625" /></a></div><div><br /></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-m67wnBn7jdE/X2XSecP9G0I/AAAAAAAABzU/G6ujLfAmQfYccgz4hr8nhQhj585tCnUWgCLcBGAsYHQ/s2048/63AH%2BDTG%2B001.bmp" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="2048" data-original-width="1489" height="640" src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-m67wnBn7jdE/X2XSecP9G0I/AAAAAAAABzU/G6ujLfAmQfYccgz4hr8nhQhj585tCnUWgCLcBGAsYHQ/w466-h640/63AH%2BDTG%2B001.bmp" width="466" /></a></div><div>This is a very rough first-plotting of the DTG curve for the Freeman sample 63AH- the brickearth mixture. It shows two main thermal events (c.f. the DTA results above); four events can be tentatively identified: A the loss of adsorbed water- not very much water, not strongly held; B combustion of organic material, again not a great reaction, not a lot of organic material present; C clay mineral dehydroxylation, the classic clay mineral reaction, showing a modest amount of clay mineral material in the sample; D carbonate loss CaCO3 > CaO + CO2, the added chalk has an effect here, not a huge reaction, only a small % of chalk added. The whole 63AH DTG curve looks quite like the DTG curve for a Canadian quickclay; the dominant quartz of course offers no analytical signal.</div><div><br /></div><div>For more on DTG applications see: Fordham, C.J., Smalley, I.J. 1983/4 High resolution derivative thermogravimetry of sensitive clays. Clay Science 6, 73-79. </div><div><br /></div><div><br /></div>Ian Smalleyhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/10715518067515369104noreply@blogger.com0